tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42464361152759081222024-02-20T09:55:48.445-08:00California Coast and Climate BlogThe California Coast and Climate Blog is a website dedicated to the beaches, bluffs, and shorelines of California.Justin Vandeverhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08677455267312712386noreply@blogger.comBlogger23125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4246436115275908122.post-56248233961444230392016-03-01T17:22:00.001-08:002016-03-01T17:43:59.977-08:00Twitter List: California CoastLet's see what this whole Twitter thing is about. I've tried to create a list of Twitter users with content related to the California coast. I will continue to develop this and see how it works out!<br />
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<a class="twitter-timeline" data-widget-id="704838803609923587" href="https://twitter.com/jpvandever/lists/california-coast">Tweets from https://twitter.com/jpvandever/lists/california-coast</a>
<script>!function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],p=/^http:/.test(d.location)?'http':'https';if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src=p+"://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document,"script","twitter-wjs");</script><br />
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And here's a search of tweets with #CACoast:<br />
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<a class="twitter-timeline" data-widget-id="704844401948753920" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/CACoast">#CACoast Tweets</a>
<script>!function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],p=/^http:/.test(d.location)?'http':'https';if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src=p+"://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document,"script","twitter-wjs");</script>Justin Vandeverhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08677455267312712386noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4246436115275908122.post-45101620970627857402015-12-21T11:29:00.000-08:002015-12-21T11:29:17.930-08:00The Force Awakens: King Tides Projected for Christmas<span style="font-family: inherit;">Back in July, I presented projections of <a href="http://www.californiabeachblog.com/2015_07_01_archive.html" target="_blank">King Tide flooding in the San Francisco Bay area</a> as a result of this year's El Niño. El Niño conditions in the Pacific have developed into one of the strongest events on record - rivaling the 1997-98 and 1982-83 winters. The figure below shows the evolution of this year's El Niño as measured by the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the Niño 3.4 region - an area of the equatorial Pacific - compared to past events. Anything above 1.5 degrees is considered "strong" El Niño conditions.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNpOyfLsysVKbO2R7oJylzC2BHKkgLdzqYfPs8-l7uDFbqBK4SO0FDRwjHfC1yj3UKHZT2CnOwYpZqgPfcdoYcVDrQWwoude6l-oOg67gpufFQOiiz-AoWm80j-ClS1XFkUqh2ZIpwFE65/s1600/01+Nino+3.4+Weekly+Anomaly+20151221.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNpOyfLsysVKbO2R7oJylzC2BHKkgLdzqYfPs8-l7uDFbqBK4SO0FDRwjHfC1yj3UKHZT2CnOwYpZqgPfcdoYcVDrQWwoude6l-oOg67gpufFQOiiz-AoWm80j-ClS1XFkUqh2ZIpwFE65/s640/01+Nino+3.4+Weekly+Anomaly+20151221.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 1. Sea surface temperature anomaly in equatorial Pacific - December 16, 2015.</b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18.48px;">The changes in the ocean and atmosphere as a result of El Niño produce more southerly storm tracks, which bring increased precipitation and coastal storm events (storm surge and waves) to the California coast. The warm water associated with El Niño also exacerbates storm surge conditions through thermal expansion of ocean waters, which can further elevate high tides by 0.5 to 1.0 feet above normal. These factors combine to produce higher than normal tide levels along the California coast.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18.48px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18.48px;">Here's a summary of my projections from July at the San Francisco tide station compared to historical strong El Niño events and observations so far this year. We have seen 13 days of King Tides so far this year in San Francisco (through December 20). This means we are nearly halfway to the projected total of approximately 30 - quite impressive!</span></span><br />
<b style="color: #222222; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18.48px;"><br /></b>
<b style="color: #222222; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18.48px;">Table 1. Projected number of King Tide flooding days at San Francisco, CA - Winter 2015/16</b><br />
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<br /></div>
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<td colspan="3" nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Strong El Niño<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Projections</span></b></div>
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<td nowrap="" rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.0pt;" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1982-83<br />
Winter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td nowrap="" rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1997-98<br />
Winter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 63.0pt;" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2015-16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Winter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.65pt;" width="40"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Low<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.6pt;" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mid<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.75pt;" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">High<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">October<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.65pt;" width="40"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.6pt;" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.75pt;" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.0pt;" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 63.0pt;" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">November<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.65pt;" width="40"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.6pt;" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.75pt;" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.0pt;" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 63.0pt;" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">December<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.65pt;" width="40"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.6pt;" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.75pt;" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.0pt;" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 63.0pt;" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3*<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">January<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.65pt;" width="40"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.6pt;" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.75pt;" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.0pt;" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 63.0pt;" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">February<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.65pt;" width="40"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.6pt;" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.75pt;" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.0pt;" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 63.0pt;" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">March<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.65pt;" width="40"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.6pt;" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.75pt;" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.0pt;" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 63.0pt;" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.65pt;" width="40"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.6pt;" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">31</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.75pt;" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.0pt;" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">31<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">33<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 63.0pt;" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13*<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
Notes: Based on July projections. *Through December 20, 2015<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
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With King Tides predicted for the week of Christmas, I wanted to revisit my projections and adjust them for the observed conditions so far this December. I also wanted to add a southern California location - La Jolla, in San Diego because this area is seeing significant coastal flooding impacts so far this year. <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18.48px;">The video below is from the Marine Room restaurant in La Jolla on November 25, 2015.</span><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2qP2ajNd_V4" width="560"></iframe>
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<br />
The average difference between observed and predicted tides ("residual") has been 0.59 ft at La Jolla and 0.44 ft at San Francisco during the month of December. I used this information to tune my projections for the coming week. The figures below provide the projections for La Jolla and San Francisco, CA for the month of December.</div>
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<h3>
La Jolla King Tide Projections</h3>
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The projected number of King Tide days for the month of December at La Jolla is 12, with a range of 9 to 15. The week of Christmas is projected to see 7 consecutive days with high tides exceeding 6.1 ft NAVD88 (approximate King Tide threshold). The red dates indicate days where greater than 50% of the simulations exceeded the King Tide threshold.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsRW3Uh4BwCW6UM6OaYmdjKKdnYTw9FKQbScOt37wJN_PM068HHLRXMl3SYn5FusFVzGOouPiIUpvB3e2vSAuV4ZVm9EqzLpcsFpV5hiMsLT1z2fzpzKVlM99T88Yy0W8OT-k6G-KwrA4c/s1600/Projected_Flood_Events_9410230_201512_ONI_2.0_SLR_0.0_6.1_ft.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsRW3Uh4BwCW6UM6OaYmdjKKdnYTw9FKQbScOt37wJN_PM068HHLRXMl3SYn5FusFVzGOouPiIUpvB3e2vSAuV4ZVm9EqzLpcsFpV5hiMsLT1z2fzpzKVlM99T88Yy0W8OT-k6G-KwrA4c/s640/Projected_Flood_Events_9410230_201512_ONI_2.0_SLR_0.0_6.1_ft.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 2. Timing and likelihood of King Tide Flooding at La Jolla tide station, December 2015.</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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The figure below shows the projected range of tide elevations. The red error bars indicate the elevations exceeded by 75% and 25% of simulations. The magenta "maximum" tide height indicates the elevation exceeded by 1% of simulations - a possible, but unlikely level. Based on these projections, La Jolla should see high tides of approximately 6.6 to 7.6 ft and as high as 7.8 ft if King Tides coincide with a storm event. The highest tides are expected Christmas Eve and Christmas Day.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRO8SdOiO37GodA-zMwfOixw-Ui0T849caPdY_vW0ePIzNwLatV7e8BX4WJPmkH5DNuGmGW34RTxQFoY-qkvsq3_ehNjK37z5ufFx-YoTOqWtaLa0r5F9zchxZliA8sBZDidE6why2skRo/s1600/Water_Level_Projection_9410230_201512_ONI_2.0_SLR_0.0_6.1_ft.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRO8SdOiO37GodA-zMwfOixw-Ui0T849caPdY_vW0ePIzNwLatV7e8BX4WJPmkH5DNuGmGW34RTxQFoY-qkvsq3_ehNjK37z5ufFx-YoTOqWtaLa0r5F9zchxZliA8sBZDidE6why2skRo/s640/Water_Level_Projection_9410230_201512_ONI_2.0_SLR_0.0_6.1_ft.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 3. Projected tide elevations at La Jolla tide station, December 2015.</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b>Table 2. Projected timing and likelihood of King Tide flooding at La Jolla, December 2015.</b></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<td colspan="5" nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="296"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Water Level Projection (ft NAVD88)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="121"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
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<b>Day<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.5pt;" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Hour<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.6pt;" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Predicted<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.05pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Lower<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.9pt;" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Projection<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Upper<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Max<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.55pt;" width="121"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Probability<br />
(Tide > 6.1 ft)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
20<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
5<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
5.2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
5.4<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
5.8<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.6<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="121"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
15%<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
21<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
5<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
5.6<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
5.8<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.8<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7.0<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="121"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
67%<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
22<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.0<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.7<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7.2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7.4<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="121"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
99%<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
23<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.5<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.9<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7.4<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7.7<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="121"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
100%<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>24<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>8<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>6.4<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>6.6<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>7.0<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>7.6<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>7.8<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="121"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>100%<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>25<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>8<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>6.4<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>6.5<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>7.0<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>7.5<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>7.8<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="121"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>100%</b><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
26<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
9<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.8<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7.3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7.5<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="121"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
99%<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
27<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
10<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
5.8<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.0<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.4<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.9<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7.2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="121"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
84%<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
28<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
10<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
5.3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
5.5<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
5.9<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.4<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.7<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="121"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
23%<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<h3>
San Francisco King Tide Projections</h3>
<div>
The projected number of King Tide days for the month of December at San Francisco is 6, with a range of 3 to 9. The week of Christmas is projected to see 5 consecutive days with high tides exceeding 7.0 ft NAVD88 (approximate King Tide threshold). The red dates indicate days where greater than 50% of the simulations exceeded the King Tide threshold.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLCa0DHJzL4IubQQuFMw4HJDeL_PeUpST-U94_jUXitXzXMZpO71ifxI9DOGZvXipmNGX7u601xa0X061ZhSTbWwbixpnf1mDi63gnMZDaWHiwl0hZlQPi24d5R7JOsTBT2bEJdQqNtTAX/s1600/Projected_Flood_Events_9414290_201512_ONI_2.0_SLR_0.0_7.0_ft.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLCa0DHJzL4IubQQuFMw4HJDeL_PeUpST-U94_jUXitXzXMZpO71ifxI9DOGZvXipmNGX7u601xa0X061ZhSTbWwbixpnf1mDi63gnMZDaWHiwl0hZlQPi24d5R7JOsTBT2bEJdQqNtTAX/s640/Projected_Flood_Events_9414290_201512_ONI_2.0_SLR_0.0_7.0_ft.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: 12.8px;">Figure 4. Timing and likelihood of King Tide Flooding at San Francisco tide station, December 2015.</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
The figure below shows the projected range of tide elevations. The red error bars indicate the elevations exceeded by 75% and 25% of simulations. The magenta "maximum" tide height indicates the elevation exceeded by 1% of simulations - a possible, but unlikely level. Based on these projections, San Francisco should see high tides of approximately 6.9 to 7.4 ft and as high as 8.4 ft if King Tides coincide with a storm event. The highest tides are expected December 23-24.<br />
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg19Z5MK2pezM3J4Wd0Qo3Ysx6sjHkl8iDfRGo1woPqcOKgell63rS_Ju6CbqST2ZxsP6lLLurvtfjjU9PRWijYMFBYpkjuO0jH4j8C-aMCIhOT_PWzhzzHg842IJTWXk9SDTR91HZYGjuq/s1600/Water_Level_Projection_9414290_201512_ONI_2.0_SLR_0.0_7.0_ft.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg19Z5MK2pezM3J4Wd0Qo3Ysx6sjHkl8iDfRGo1woPqcOKgell63rS_Ju6CbqST2ZxsP6lLLurvtfjjU9PRWijYMFBYpkjuO0jH4j8C-aMCIhOT_PWzhzzHg842IJTWXk9SDTR91HZYGjuq/s640/Water_Level_Projection_9414290_201512_ONI_2.0_SLR_0.0_7.0_ft.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px; font-weight: bold;">Figure 5. Projected tide elevations at San Francisco tide station, December 2015.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12.8px; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="font-size: medium;">Table 3. Projected timing and likelihood of King Tide flooding at San Francisco, December 2015.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 12.8px; font-weight: normal;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.65pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 511px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61"></td>
<td colspan="5" nowrap="" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="300"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Water Level Projection
(ft NAVD88)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 30.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.0pt;" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Day<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Hour<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.6pt;" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Predicted<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.05pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Lower<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Projection<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Upper<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.55pt;" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Max<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Probability<br />
(Tide > 7 ft)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
20<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.8<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7.4<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7.8<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
20%<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
21<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
8<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.6<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.6<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7.0<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7.6<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
8.0<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
49%<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
22<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
8<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.8<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.8<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7.3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7.9<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
8.3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
80%<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>23<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>9<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>6.9<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>6.9<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>7.4<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>8.0<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>8.4<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>91%<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>24<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>10<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>6.9<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>6.9<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>7.4<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>8.0<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>8.4<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>90%</b><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
25<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
11<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.8<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.8<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7.3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7.9<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
8.3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
88%<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
26<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
11<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.6<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.6<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7.1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7.7<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
8.1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
56%<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
27<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
12<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6.8<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7.4<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7.7<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
22%<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">I plan on monitoring the tide stations this week and will report on the results! And remember, if you do visit the coast this week, please be careful and don't drive through standing water.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbiyCWVPb63WXCgyyZfHSsMHDVQOc-STk2Kf-p-o1AYfiWJjDOqIBwnkEaIQd1FC5qe2Lcjmg_xO1l2IjC0rqegryHw0M_AFTSX0Q-JkpEru1b40JL8PgwzpEoNnf01HGEF6SpeCixbReX/s1600/king-tides.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbiyCWVPb63WXCgyyZfHSsMHDVQOc-STk2Kf-p-o1AYfiWJjDOqIBwnkEaIQd1FC5qe2Lcjmg_xO1l2IjC0rqegryHw0M_AFTSX0Q-JkpEru1b40JL8PgwzpEoNnf01HGEF6SpeCixbReX/s400/king-tides.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Justin Vandeverhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08677455267312712386noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4246436115275908122.post-51719980342506147162015-10-28T23:53:00.001-07:002015-11-20T13:37:56.539-08:00How high was that tide? October 28, 2015 EditionOn October 28, 2015, southern California experienced unusually high tides combined with a swell event that caused coastal flooding in a variety of locations. Many locations experienced tides in excess of 7 ft NAVD88. So, how severe were these tide levels?<br />
<br />
I queried the NOAA Tides and Currents <a href="https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/" target="_blank">website</a> and found the maximum observed water level at each tide station from Point Reyes to San Diego for this date. I then compared that elevation to the extreme water level estimates at each location to estimate the return period of the observed water level. The results indicate that from Santa Barbara to San Diego, today's high tide ranged from a 3 to 7 year event. North of Point Conception, tides corresponded to approximately an annual (1-yr) event. The results are shown below in Table 1. Note that these water levels do not include wave effects, which can further elevate flood levels at the shoreline.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibnGXrYKZ1Za8KgVyd3nqo3uiSisQDX1MWyF3Z6ZBRikmRCjqwR4JHnegujyoeas_s6znZSxIE7Dt0Qw_lYUkDCueqfUqkawS-u2FhOWLKwRsFHev8nOJ8ZbIXMamkgGPb06NtigPN-RVd/s1600/October+28+2015+Elevation+Table.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibnGXrYKZ1Za8KgVyd3nqo3uiSisQDX1MWyF3Z6ZBRikmRCjqwR4JHnegujyoeas_s6znZSxIE7Dt0Qw_lYUkDCueqfUqkawS-u2FhOWLKwRsFHev8nOJ8ZbIXMamkgGPb06NtigPN-RVd/s320/October+28+2015+Elevation+Table.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Table 1. Observed high tide levels on October 28, 2015 and estimated return periods.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKClap-LgxeBu8LfwCr3Gp1SMklnOD_xKyZ1Lu_2if7FnOuNu0ru-_kQDuQn_Y5XZQPSMingAKSoiwFy0PYgHmuDZ2g5ipbmY4igDH7lF8BBNovjoY60fV5VRvFJqywQiQkBCYdc4XqMpp/s1600/NOAA+La+Jolla+Tides+20151028.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="329" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKClap-LgxeBu8LfwCr3Gp1SMklnOD_xKyZ1Lu_2if7FnOuNu0ru-_kQDuQn_Y5XZQPSMingAKSoiwFy0PYgHmuDZ2g5ipbmY4igDH7lF8BBNovjoY60fV5VRvFJqywQiQkBCYdc4XqMpp/s640/NOAA+La+Jolla+Tides+20151028.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Predicted and observed water levels at the La Jolla Tide Station. October 26-29, 2015.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
The primary reason for these elevated tide levels is the combination of spring tides and El Niño. Spring tides occur twice each lunar month and result from the alignment of the moon, earth, and sun (at full moon and new moon). El Niño influences coastal water levels in California through two primary mechanisms: thermal expansion and Kelvin waves. Thermal expansion is caused by above average sea surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific and along the California coast as a result of El Niño. Kelvin waves are a complex oceanographic phenomenon that help transfer warm waters and elevated water levels across the equatorial Pacific and northward along the coast of North America.<br />
<br />
We are already seeing the effects of El Niño at tide stations along the California coast. Figure 2 shows the average non-tidal residual (NTR) at each active tide station from September 15 to October 15, 2015. NTR represents the difference between the observed water level and the predicted astronomical tide:<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
NTR = observed water level - predicted astronomical tide</div>
<br />
NTR is typically referred to as "storm surge" but actually includes all factors which increase water levels at the coast, including thermal expansion and Kelvin wave effects due to El Niño and storm surge effects such as atmospheric pressure and wind setup.<br />
<br />
The red curve shows the average NTR and the black bars show the 10% and 90% exceedance levels over this month-long time period. As can be seen, southern California is currently experiencing water levels that are on average 0.6 to 0.8 ft above normal, with some NTR values approaching 1 ft. The effect of the elevated NTRs decreases northward up to Arena Cove. The spike at Humboldt deviates from that trend but I haven't investigated the reasons for that in detail yet.<br />
<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWPhRl6IRBibQO0-Ds-Js97XqjbdUX5j88jrcKwUZUndA4wbq8VIy4V1kG-QBobGLZGZzQQK7yaZazPkE0w11Vh0BcnNgCcWWWzKtTzHKaNTAM90nLPBcu5iRoFdEZyzoIwJFXFgmK3nEQ/s1600/FEMA+Flood+Risk+Review+Meeting+-+El+Nino+back-up+slides.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWPhRl6IRBibQO0-Ds-Js97XqjbdUX5j88jrcKwUZUndA4wbq8VIy4V1kG-QBobGLZGZzQQK7yaZazPkE0w11Vh0BcnNgCcWWWzKtTzHKaNTAM90nLPBcu5iRoFdEZyzoIwJFXFgmK3nEQ/s400/FEMA+Flood+Risk+Review+Meeting+-+El+Nino+back-up+slides.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. Average non-tidal residual at California tide stations from September 15-October 15, 2015. Black bars indicate the 10% and 90% exceedance levels.</td></tr>
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<div>
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As winter progresses, coastal storms will contribute to the total magnitude of the NTR and will increase the likelihood of experiencing even higher tide levels. This is especially the case in December through February, when we typically experience our highest tides of the year.<br />
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Stay tuned for future updates!</div>
Justin Vandeverhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08677455267312712386noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4246436115275908122.post-73576391495707124602015-10-22T09:51:00.000-07:002015-10-22T10:05:43.364-07:00West vs. East Coast Beaches: The best of both worlds<i style="background-color: white;">Today's blog post was written by guest blogger, Donna Fitzgerald, of Wilmington, NC. Donna has lived in Wilmington for 7 years and enjoys taking visits to the beach with her two daughters. Donna is an avid reader and writer- what better place to compose than on the sandy shores!</i><br />
<i style="background-color: white;"><br /></i>
<i style="background-color: white;">Thanks, Donna, for researching this topic and sharing with the Beach Blog!</i><br />
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The beaches throughout the United States all offer some varying levels of beauty. Many will argue which area of the country contains the best beaches. For some, it's the surfing conditions that make a beach the best. For others, the beach terrain and weather conditions may make one coast more favorable than another.<br />
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There are many differences between the coastal beaches of California and the shoreline of North Carolina. Some differences are notable and evident to the average beach-goer. Other aspects are less obvious and require research and understanding of the varying geographic areas.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg14hUPvJL5A_1BWjSFNpp3yEXNi3q1okY6JvfrrVP_ePOhfkXjRwYbljIxoo8v-PJFsTJHQ2pltABRldzlZZA_RA7K_Gd6tJoZqer75NtDHysjC0ianVUa0NyDE0UubvAYpAo6x26TQA3h/s1600/DSC_2009.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg14hUPvJL5A_1BWjSFNpp3yEXNi3q1okY6JvfrrVP_ePOhfkXjRwYbljIxoo8v-PJFsTJHQ2pltABRldzlZZA_RA7K_Gd6tJoZqer75NtDHysjC0ianVUa0NyDE0UubvAYpAo6x26TQA3h/s400/DSC_2009.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sandy beaches and dunes are typical along the Outer Banks of North Carolina.</td></tr>
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<h4>
Physical Differences</h4>
The coast of North Carolina is mostly made up of barrier island chains that allow visitors to travel over many bridges to get from one island to the next. One of the most famous areas, the Outer Banks, is completely made up of thin island chains and sandy beaches separated from the mainland by large shallow bays. The coast of western beaches - California in particular - contains mostly beaches that are immediately adjacent to the mainland areas. Barrier islands and inlets are few and far between.<br />
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As we all know, the coast of California is under constant watch for tectonic activity. The east coast is what is referred to as a passive margin, while the California coast is on an active margin. With this being said, California is much more prone to earthquakes and unpredictable tectonic shifts.<br />
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<h4>
Climate</h4>
The eastern shores of the United States are much more prone to experiencing tropical cyclones that form off the Atlantic. With these storms comes the risk of tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes that can impact the coast. With this being said, the climate in each area varies greatly. In general, the beaches of the Pacific Northwest (northern California, Oregon, and Washington) receive the highest amounts of <a href="http://scenarios.globalchange.gov/sites/default/files/b/figures/UnitedStates/US_Annual_Precipitation.jpg" target="_blank">precipitation</a>. <a href="http://www.eastcoastusa.com/BeachWeather.htm" target="_blank">East coast beaches</a> receive moderate precipitation and central and southern California beaches receive the least. El Niño cycles can greatly affect the distribution of precipitation along the west coast.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD6Pt7QatVGAwK6Vxk0lkcDAXHqExNVnHjS0Xquvh_Jkk42Vp6bt1j0n-zr7KjgOy4mEDNMW7i0qLR8IL4UhYxxCyfRsDTetFi3BvB95o5saOjdV-yhT6P-ElUWW2yMnfmYjtE2VIrG1Qy/s1600/DSC_2413.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD6Pt7QatVGAwK6Vxk0lkcDAXHqExNVnHjS0Xquvh_Jkk42Vp6bt1j0n-zr7KjgOy4mEDNMW7i0qLR8IL4UhYxxCyfRsDTetFi3BvB95o5saOjdV-yhT6P-ElUWW2yMnfmYjtE2VIrG1Qy/s400/DSC_2413.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The waves roll in at Pacific State Beach, about 15 miles south of San Francisco.</td></tr>
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<h4>
Other Differences</h4>
Sandy beaches mostly make up the shorelines of east coast beaches. To the north, you may find a few New England beaches that feature rocky, jagged shorelines. The east coast primarily features sandy shores that make beach time more enjoyable and relaxing for visitors.<br />
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The west coast beaches, like those along the coast of California often feature rocky terrain and steep slopes. The California shoreline often contains many more steep hills and cliffs, like those along Big Sur in central California. These can pose threats to visitors and special cautions should be exercised.<br />
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One of the biggest advantages of west coast beaches in comparison to the east coast beaches is the consistent wave climate. California beaches are known for having higher, longer period waves due to the offshore wave climate and narrower continental shelf along the west coast. Surfing conditions are more ideal on the west coast compared to the east coast, where waves are less consistent. This being said, great east coast surfing spots can be found.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGirAJorhFZdhdcVqFkPdJBCyt4zvya8u6qXqqisEsRJWWyPQh8oNcYow7FJzYuk1IYjWE1-W2RXJxmXKh-goV4hPfuxquMiyiHxfPgifT_cwcSVFulOBxzkocrX_-EJsvlBH03QP94VIi/s1600/DSC_2731.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGirAJorhFZdhdcVqFkPdJBCyt4zvya8u6qXqqisEsRJWWyPQh8oNcYow7FJzYuk1IYjWE1-W2RXJxmXKh-goV4hPfuxquMiyiHxfPgifT_cwcSVFulOBxzkocrX_-EJsvlBH03QP94VIi/s400/DSC_2731.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Steep beaches with waves make for fun skimboarding at Montara State Beach, about 30 miles south of San Francisco.</td></tr>
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<h4>
Visitors</h4>
If you are visiting either coast, be sure to take note of these unique differences. Some tend to favor visiting the <a href="http://www.visitobx.org/" target="_blank">east coast beaches</a> because of their sandy shorelines and enjoyable temperatures. Others believe <a href="http://www.californiabeaches.com/beaches/" target="_blank">California</a> and west coast beaches are better to visit because of their geographic diversity and great surfing conditions.<br />
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Which coast do you prefer?<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCgbifJj8o8kerPh_Bt-ycg0V72FC_gSR5ljxyKBKLvdw1Hb5bWmqY6rq7AqYYEi_ypRvp96cFlpIWe0evMdn9HgrBhg4bxYbQVsXFO68b7kqd1cIdwiWhF3Ddl3InYmuXjwXl1KE_DUay/s1600/DSC_2037.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCgbifJj8o8kerPh_Bt-ycg0V72FC_gSR5ljxyKBKLvdw1Hb5bWmqY6rq7AqYYEi_ypRvp96cFlpIWe0evMdn9HgrBhg4bxYbQVsXFO68b7kqd1cIdwiWhF3Ddl3InYmuXjwXl1KE_DUay/s400/DSC_2037.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sunset near Cape Hatteras, on the Outer Banks of North Carolina.</td></tr>
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Justin Vandeverhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08677455267312712386noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4246436115275908122.post-84121966007311128002015-07-29T00:15:00.001-07:002015-11-20T13:38:08.417-08:00El Niño could more than double number of King Tides this winterIn case you haven't been following the latest developments in the equatorial Pacific, a potentially strong El Niño condition has been taking shape over the last few months (check out the LA Times El Niño Q&A <a href="http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-el-nino-forecast-20150721-story.html" target="_blank">here</a>). NOAA's <a href="http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/" target="_blank">Climate Prediction Center</a> has issued an El Niño Advisory, and currently projects a greater than 90% chance that El Niño conditions will continue through the winter, and an 80% chance it will last into early spring.<br />
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El Niño is characterized by coupled oceanic and atmospheric conditions which lead to a slackening or reversal of the equatorial trade winds, which typically blow from east to west. This allows a warm pool of equatorial ocean water to migrate eastward towards the coast of South America. The changes in the ocean and atmosphere as a result of El Niño produce more southerly storm tracks, which bring increased precipitation and coastal storm events (storm surge and waves) to the California coast. The warm water associated with El Niño also exacerbates storm surge conditions through thermal expansion of ocean waters, which can further elevate high tides by 0.5 to 1.0 feet above normal.<br />
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The figure below shows the average sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies for July 1, 2015 relative to typical conditions. As can be seen, the entire northeast Pacific basin is warmer than usual, with SSTs running up to 3 deg C above normal in the eastern equatorial Pacific.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI9EvC1HUF8Sp8gOvOUtwrzrLFq21htoJ99L54GebgdkhUR_89tpEanSX25yGTzQgsQhoMGhFUZ1ePTb82zE6MXrax2DJX1dtLWIwk5aLFQZpmnIKmxSgj21CofbTHvvtHFLYzHRR3NjwH/s1600/SST+anomalies+July+2015.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI9EvC1HUF8Sp8gOvOUtwrzrLFq21htoJ99L54GebgdkhUR_89tpEanSX25yGTzQgsQhoMGhFUZ1ePTb82zE6MXrax2DJX1dtLWIwk5aLFQZpmnIKmxSgj21CofbTHvvtHFLYzHRR3NjwH/s640/SST+anomalies+July+2015.gif" width="640" /></a></div>
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Nearly all models predict an El Niño of some magnitude to continue through the winter, with
many models predicting a strong<b> </b>event at its peak strength. The thick yellow line in the figure below represents the average of the dynamical models (models based on physics, not statistics), which show El Niño conditions peaking in the Oct-Nov-Dec time frame and then tailing off after January. The average prediction shows the SST anomaly holding steady just above 1.5 deg C through the Dec-Jan-Feb time period. The 1.5 deg C threshold is the level used by NOAA to declare a strong El Niño event (read more about the Oceanic Nino Index <a href="https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/watching-el-ni%C3%B1o-and-la-ni%C3%B1a-noaa-adapts-global-warming" target="_blank">here</a>).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyb7xOorpb0Xnn-40B03TQ0b-4Fv2RL8DxuTm1qJYlnzuUGqyOHPJjexa69F1bDOH30oHI0DOE-LBhyGOdRzStp2CVOmZmu5tnhGIZT8Ke6m3f_H6fctZrQlWUTJHUZ8rLzH1JcCkmL6DE/s1600/ENSO+Model+Projections+Plume.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="593" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyb7xOorpb0Xnn-40B03TQ0b-4Fv2RL8DxuTm1qJYlnzuUGqyOHPJjexa69F1bDOH30oHI0DOE-LBhyGOdRzStp2CVOmZmu5tnhGIZT8Ke6m3f_H6fctZrQlWUTJHUZ8rLzH1JcCkmL6DE/s640/ENSO+Model+Projections+Plume.gif" width="640" /></a></div>
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So what does this all mean for the California coast? Well, if the historical record tells us anything, it's that any old run of the mill El Niño is not a guarantee of wet weather, extreme tides, and large waves. Wet and stormy winters are most likely to occur during strong El Niño events. The most severe El Niños in recent memory - the 1982-83 and 1997-98 events were strong El Niños that persisted for the duration of the winter. Strong El Niño conditions persisted from September through March in 1982-83 (with a peak index of 2.2) and from July through February in 1997-98 (with a peak index of 2.4).<br />
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Both winters brought intense rainfall, extreme tides, and large storm waves to the coast. In fact, many tide stations along the California coast recorded their highest ever tide levels during these two events (read more about California coastal flood processes <a href="http://californiabeachblog.blogspot.com/2013/10/coastal-flood-processes-along.html" target="_blank">here</a>). We can use our historical record of past El Niño events combined with predicted astronomical tides and El Niño forecast to project the likelihood of extreme tide flooding along the California coast for the coming winter. To accomplish this, I analyzed the storm surge patterns during past El Niño events and developed statistical relationships to project the occurrence of extreme tide events for the coming months.<br />
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First, let's take a look at the occurrence of extreme tide events during a typical winter - one characterized by neutral El Niño conditions. A commonly used benchmark for high winter tides is the King Tide which represents the highest annual winter tides each year (read more about King Tides <a href="http://californiabeachblog.blogspot.com/2013/02/do-king-tides-matter-on-open-coast.html" target="_blank">here</a>). The figure below shows the highest predicted tides during February 2016. I typically consider a King Tide to be around 7 ft, so these high tides are pretty close. We know that when we get tides around 7 ft, we start to see some nuisance flooding impacts along areas such as San Francisco's Embarcadero and other areas such as Mill Valley. So we'll use the 7 ft threshold to define a significant tide event in San Francisco Bay.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE46UD5e7cvQXdZ037sCh_W_JIOPprwtfWjtNB-QzbKVZdTIUZ-tg54UOHBHCY3m-6KiDQD0FCLposZEaeDBMtNyoiFfhLRZ-94UZQeyqMuqv9CYazX8ihL_F-lbVcC5Vl97HESP8CL2vX/s1600/feb2016+king+tides.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE46UD5e7cvQXdZ037sCh_W_JIOPprwtfWjtNB-QzbKVZdTIUZ-tg54UOHBHCY3m-6KiDQD0FCLposZEaeDBMtNyoiFfhLRZ-94UZQeyqMuqv9CYazX8ihL_F-lbVcC5Vl97HESP8CL2vX/s640/feb2016+king+tides.gif" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Predicted tides at San Francisco showing King Tides around February 7-9, 2016.</td></tr>
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I paired the predicted tides for November through April with the historical storm surge climatology for neutral El Niño conditions to produce a baseline for the expected number of King Tide days for the coming winter, in the absence of El Niño conditions. And you know what? This year is not a great year for King Tides. Based on my analysis, I project we will have approximately four King Tide days this year (i.e., tides that exceed the 7 ft benchmark). So, depending on the timing of Pacific storm events relative to the high tides we may see more or fewer than four - but that's my best estimate. Four King Tides is the median, or expected, value based on the statistical analysis - the 95% confidence limits on that estimate are between 0 and 12 King Tide days. The figure below shows the projected tide conditions for February 2016 for neutral El Niño conditions. The most likely timing for King Tides appears to be around February 7-9.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCJV3bxESGXIH4rbd1X0uoB5A52OIFo_Tp7_CZcvEH0CN4jzKgTAFG149UiczztjGqP_rEIlXm4OAcoxyX4mzpvCIv1xtova5ExgwhDHCBACeyOEdHyr7WZSe0fAARYYavJ7srrRDOLhtq/s1600/Water_Level_Projection_Feb-2016_ONI_0.0_7.0_ft.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="502" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCJV3bxESGXIH4rbd1X0uoB5A52OIFo_Tp7_CZcvEH0CN4jzKgTAFG149UiczztjGqP_rEIlXm4OAcoxyX4mzpvCIv1xtova5ExgwhDHCBACeyOEdHyr7WZSe0fAARYYavJ7srrRDOLhtq/s640/Water_Level_Projection_Feb-2016_ONI_0.0_7.0_ft.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Projected tide conditions for February 2016 under <b>neutral </b>El Nino conditions.</td></tr>
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Given the projected El Niño conditions for the coming fall and winter, however, we can expect to see much more frequent storm surge events and generally elevated water levels as a result of the prevailing El Niño conditions. This means that if we have a moderate or strong El Niño in the coming months, we will see a much greater frequency of King Tides this year. How many more? Well, it depends on the strength and duration of the El Niño conditions and the timing of storm events with high tides.<br />
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If we have a moderate El Niño event through the winter, we can expect to see approximately nine King Tide events. The figure below shows the projected tides for February under moderate El Nino conditions. During moderate El Niños, higher than normal tides can occur; however, not with the same severity as during strong El Niños. Looking at the projected tide levels, you can see that the tides are generally shifted upwards, and a greater number of high tides have the potential to exceed the King Tide benchmark.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0W5oRvo1Nht005wiU0Ra3KN8mPJuXHyuQpfIqjF81yYYZmO4rqT-YnPIylmMU21dH2rHUKkgrVJIBrxsA4rlevQnp5CV5mYA8u2xmUm40pdQflNAIY1lqsNVjqygwa12fL7tRS1ckyKO9/s1600/Water_Level_Projection_Feb-2016_ONI_1.2_7.0_ft.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="502" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0W5oRvo1Nht005wiU0Ra3KN8mPJuXHyuQpfIqjF81yYYZmO4rqT-YnPIylmMU21dH2rHUKkgrVJIBrxsA4rlevQnp5CV5mYA8u2xmUm40pdQflNAIY1lqsNVjqygwa12fL7tRS1ckyKO9/s640/Water_Level_Projection_Feb-2016_ONI_1.2_7.0_ft.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">Projected tide conditions for February 2016 under <b>moderate </b>El Nino conditions.</td></tr>
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If we have a strong El Niño event that lasts through the winter, we can expect to see approximately 30 King Tide events! That's on par with the 1982-83 and 1997-98 winters, which saw approximately 31 and 32 King Tide events, respectively. The figure below shows the projected tides for February under a strong El Nino event. What's remarkable about this projection is the long string of nearly equal high tides between February 12-21 - all of which have the potential to exceed the King Tide benchmark. That will be a critical time period for communities to be prepared for flood impacts.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4vpTIUPa2CfsPz3ofUNurJAiOx9c7fg6w28dsHCfkfVWAO7DIaUcq5-jk8H7PBODFg3XVimeGFSqFdjs9ShvCfQrg4AmsVGwqs-trvoWoZ0u8rrw6D1UkLAPBAGu4H5m2f0bDbE-Vhy0I/s1600/Water_Level_Projection_Feb-2016_ONI_2.0_7.0_ft.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="502" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4vpTIUPa2CfsPz3ofUNurJAiOx9c7fg6w28dsHCfkfVWAO7DIaUcq5-jk8H7PBODFg3XVimeGFSqFdjs9ShvCfQrg4AmsVGwqs-trvoWoZ0u8rrw6D1UkLAPBAGu4H5m2f0bDbE-Vhy0I/s640/Water_Level_Projection_Feb-2016_ONI_2.0_7.0_ft.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">Projected tide conditions for February 2016 under <b>strong </b>El Nino conditions.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
We can also look at hybrid scenarios. For example, if we start off with a strong El Niño which decreases in strength to moderate after January, that puts us at approximately 18 King Tide events. I'll stop there because we've essentially bookended the possible scenarios.<br />
<br />
I've summarized the results by month for neutral, moderate, and strong El Niño conditions in the table below. What's interesting about the strong El Niño events is that while 30 King Tides sounds like a lot, the 95% confidence limits on the projection puts the upper limit at 48 King Tide events. That is extremely unlikely to occur and is more a product of the statistical analysis methods used in the simulations - truly a worst-case scenario. Anything greater than 30 will be extraordinary but 48 events would definitely be one for the record books!<br />
<br />
<b>Projected Number of King Tide Events for Neutral, Moderate, and Strong El Niño Winter (2015-2016)</b><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.65pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 607px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"></td>
<td colspan="3" nowrap="" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Neutral<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Moderate<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Strong <o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1982-83 <br />
Winter<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1997-98<br />
Winter<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Low<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Mid<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
High<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Low<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Mid<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
High<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="40"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
Low<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>Mid<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
High<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-right: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
November<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
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0<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>1<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
0<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>1<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="40"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>5<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
4<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
December<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
0<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>1<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
0<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>2<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
4<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="40"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>4<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
7<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
8<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
January<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
0<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>1<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
0<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>2<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
5<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="40"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>5<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
8<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
9<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
11<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
February<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
0<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>1<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
0<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>2<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
5<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="40"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
4<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>8<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
13<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: double windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
March<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: double windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
0<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: double windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>0<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: double windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: double windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
0<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: double windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>2<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: double windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
5<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: double windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="40"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: double windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>8<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: double windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
13<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: double windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
6<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: double windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
0<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
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Total<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>4<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>9<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="40"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="39"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>30<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
31<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
32<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
So stay tuned for more as we continue to watch the developing conditions in the Pacific. The timing of this year's El Niño on the heels of our historic drought highlights the extreme nature of the California climate. A strong El Niño this year would be both a blessing and a curse, as the same storms that would fill our reservoirs may wreak havoc on our coastline.<br />
<br />Justin Vandeverhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08677455267312712386noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4246436115275908122.post-76709219236639168202015-05-11T22:29:00.002-07:002015-05-11T22:29:40.857-07:00Fort Cronkhite Loop Trail, Marin Headlands<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Rodeo Lagoon is one of my favorite spots on the central California coast. This past February, we took advantage of some remarkably dry weather to hit the trails in the Marin Headlands. It was Super Bowl Sunday and we enjoyed a late afternoon ridge hike and practically had the place to ourselves!</div>
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Here is a nice view of the Wolf Ridge high above Fort Chronkhite from the parking lot at Rodeo Beach. We took a 5.2 mile loop hike which traverses a portion of the ridge.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPjWmW123hpzXprndy3g7YELpi07PC4GLzyIpGJPJrmx67ENPyk6Lig3cZosw-L-mNWhMhhKTnq9g_NQjuoUCAOyEwiBh2veGn6JFvrdP_LGNo2k2PlOjMguc6foo7mAQ67s7LdLStrAE8/s1600/DSC_2638.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPjWmW123hpzXprndy3g7YELpi07PC4GLzyIpGJPJrmx67ENPyk6Lig3cZosw-L-mNWhMhhKTnq9g_NQjuoUCAOyEwiBh2veGn6JFvrdP_LGNo2k2PlOjMguc6foo7mAQ67s7LdLStrAE8/s1600/DSC_2638.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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The hike starts at Rodeo Beach, one of my favorite spots in the Marin Headlands.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5MFTiCaZNMTlFxsPfQu_hSj-M45rtJBn3J4wKYbSWGi3bsmsTyWHJprmJim88PzP93WEfpu-df_vb8f4jfReHjfVTBStPtk40_MdACyPSqMXGzsnJS0edxMsias0Gp21ZK4G0uSwM4s1Q/s1600/DSC_2642.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5MFTiCaZNMTlFxsPfQu_hSj-M45rtJBn3J4wKYbSWGi3bsmsTyWHJprmJim88PzP93WEfpu-df_vb8f4jfReHjfVTBStPtk40_MdACyPSqMXGzsnJS0edxMsias0Gp21ZK4G0uSwM4s1Q/s1600/DSC_2642.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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A few surfers jockeyed for waves at the north end of the beach. The surf was pretty calm and it looked like a nice day to be out in the water.<br />
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A couple hundred feet up the trail you can look back down on the lagoon and beach. This is one of my favorite views in the bay area. I don't know why - it just is.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiat7POcZ9Aioi6Qke-p7ejPhvuth24ZILbsQn8B8k1FIXyWVXhXr7Kmclx5uMDpNV83C4KilM7HVWVzh9xbcoq45OTZ8ak9pILfsQT6cXjMq4XaO5rJ5MRVF0wLhAskRMmHxcdM6s_TO0K/s1600/DSC_2645.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiat7POcZ9Aioi6Qke-p7ejPhvuth24ZILbsQn8B8k1FIXyWVXhXr7Kmclx5uMDpNV83C4KilM7HVWVzh9xbcoq45OTZ8ak9pILfsQT6cXjMq4XaO5rJ5MRVF0wLhAskRMmHxcdM6s_TO0K/s1600/DSC_2645.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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After a few more minutes of hiking, we came upon the Battery Townsley, constructed in 1938. Park Service volunteers were conducting tours and a very friendly lady gave us the last tour of the day through the tunnels buried in the hillside. During WWII, this entire installation would have been carefully camouflaged to hide it from spying eyes.<br />
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A little bit higher up the ridge we got an even better view of the beach, looking over towards Point Bonita, with San Francisco in the background. Sutro Tower is visible on the ridge in the background (in my neighborhood!), with the hills around Pacifica (Montara Mountain and Point San Pedro) stretching out to the south.<br />
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This is the site of the massive 68-foot long artillery gun mounted in the hillside at Battery Townsley. With a range of 25 miles, the idea was that you could triangulate on an enemy warship, project its speed and trajectory, and hit the target within three shots. Seems kind of improbable to me, but the Park Service volunteer assured us that the crew was quite capable.<br />
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Here's a photo of a gun similar to that mounted at Battery Townsley.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzuuN6cLQg_0-4SmdRsxCloafhf2OJUQgL3IM7sYC1nsrQSmrg3IVuiN3mS0drbxNvaR1CVl8G4NLgvJWlpj1sK5irL6-BXe7KG1gx_PoY-0dvwiIj9MpchAbezlCBjb9VP9phabHuaoZM/s1600/DSC_2657-001.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzuuN6cLQg_0-4SmdRsxCloafhf2OJUQgL3IM7sYC1nsrQSmrg3IVuiN3mS0drbxNvaR1CVl8G4NLgvJWlpj1sK5irL6-BXe7KG1gx_PoY-0dvwiIj9MpchAbezlCBjb9VP9phabHuaoZM/s1600/DSC_2657-001.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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We saw a few folks up on the trail but we mostly had the ridge to ourselves since it was close to sunset. This is the view looking north towards Tennessee Valley.<br />
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There is a paved trail at the top of the ridge that takes you up to Hill 88 (elevation 988 ft), which has a history as a radar site for nearby Nike missile installations.<br />
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There are quite a few abandoned buildings at the top of the hill. This one provides a view of Ocean Beach in San Francisco, through the window.<br />
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Once on top of the ridge, we found sweeping views of the Pacific Ocean to our west.</div>
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Looking west along the ridge at sunset. It was a beautiful day to be up in the Marin Headlands.<br />
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This is the view coming down from Hill 88. You have to backtrack just a little bit to pick up the rest of the Wolf Ridge trail, which drops down on the backside of the ridge and then joins the Miwok trail to loop back around to Rodeo Lagoon.<br />
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We got a late start and took an unexpected tour of Battery Townsley so we ended up hiking down the road back to the car in the dark. It was worth it though!<br />
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<br />Justin Vandeverhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08677455267312712386noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4246436115275908122.post-45103740192218974462015-01-13T00:26:00.003-08:002015-01-27T23:27:20.412-08:00Is your home in a coastal floodplain?After years of talking with community members, residents, and vacationers that live along or visit the coastline, there seems to be a general lack of knowledge on topics such as vulnerability to coastal flooding, erosion hazards, and impacts of climate change on coastal environments. That's understandable - these are complex topics! But what about the most fundamental question of all: "Am I located in a coastal floodplain?". If you are a homeowner, you likely know the answer to this question because if you are in a flood hazard area, your mortgage lender may require you to purchase flood insurance. But maybe you are a renter or just visiting the coast - having dinner at your favorite restaurant known for its great ocean views or you've rented a beach house for a week in the summer. This proximity to the ocean sure is nice but maintaining this infrastructure in the coastal floodplain can be risky business.<br />
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Today's post on the California Beach Blog will show you how to search for and view the coastal floodplain mapping at any location you are interested in. Let's get started!<br />
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Since the 1970s, the federal government has produced flood maps through the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). According the FEMA's website, "The NFIP offers flood insurance to homeowners, renters, and business owners if their community participates in the NFIP. Participating communities agree to adopt and enforce ordinances that meet or exceed FEMA requirements to reduce the risk of flooding." The purpose of the NFIP is to encourage smart building practices in flood-prone areas. Some may argue that by providing insurance to homeowners in high risk areas, the NFIP has actually enabled development of otherwise too risky areas, but that's a debate for another day. Today I'm going to show you how to download a FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) for your area and give you the basic information necessary to interpret it.<br />
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The first step is to go to FEMA's Map Service Center. You can google "FEMA map service center" or browse to <a href="https://msc.fema.gov/portal" target="_blank">https://msc.fema.gov/portal</a>. Once you're there, enter your location. You can type in an address, place, or lat/lon coordinates. Here, I'm searching for "Capitola, CA".<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijD1xcvG-JKTjxM4ldRn0lLd_BooAVh7aoCibHocxB6w0mTnDoft5i2Ymnh1t82Ov7rQxykqGqy95fZ1i05VH6RMhDscOQKoiUXMcXoSzts81ZpxLNM3P_YMiBoqd1Y7TmrbdxPf1mbLQn/s1600/Image+1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijD1xcvG-JKTjxM4ldRn0lLd_BooAVh7aoCibHocxB6w0mTnDoft5i2Ymnh1t82Ov7rQxykqGqy95fZ1i05VH6RMhDscOQKoiUXMcXoSzts81ZpxLNM3P_YMiBoqd1Y7TmrbdxPf1mbLQn/s1600/Image+1.png" height="422" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Type in your location of interest in the search box</td></tr>
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Hit the "Search" button and the website brings up a viewer showing your location (Capitola, CA in Santa Cruz County). The website automatically highlights the map panel that contains Capitola, but you can also use the zoom buttons and pan around with the mouse to find your location if it is outside of the highlighted area.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDRzJw2ufSHs4gF3yabv7Oe2EpsTB6U3pNn5DlC46hNTAm32Laa_4Ns-fqGOYyw-qDBzLZQa3uMXB06SdNN3SIQg9kh2-O7_GHtA9lCD8LrkGR6rehCd-6o1tQZQp6NrtNJbQaoxkmQXIs/s1600/Image+2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDRzJw2ufSHs4gF3yabv7Oe2EpsTB6U3pNn5DlC46hNTAm32Laa_4Ns-fqGOYyw-qDBzLZQa3uMXB06SdNN3SIQg9kh2-O7_GHtA9lCD8LrkGR6rehCd-6o1tQZQp6NrtNJbQaoxkmQXIs/s1600/Image+2.png" height="484" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The website pre-selects the panel that contains the location you searched for.</td></tr>
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For example, if I'm interested in the waterfront area at Capitola Beach near the Soquel River mouth, I could zoom in just to make sure it is contained in the highlighted area. If not, you can click on the map and the website will reselect the map panel. Here, I've clicked on the beach area.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOsFG_Y35Ekvc9Z8SM0_MmgHBTg1hClk9fcC4qdCjAYS_xDYckygYqWQX-qETS7u9Xq41mE2uZeQCO5HRyNPJeoO3dz-ldJhwZIpKRJbgVsJCA6GlRfe45z71AAqj0g1XcwRiTz0dDUCrW/s1600/Image+3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOsFG_Y35Ekvc9Z8SM0_MmgHBTg1hClk9fcC4qdCjAYS_xDYckygYqWQX-qETS7u9Xq41mE2uZeQCO5HRyNPJeoO3dz-ldJhwZIpKRJbgVsJCA6GlRfe45z71AAqj0g1XcwRiTz0dDUCrW/s1600/Image+3.png" height="488" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">If the default selection does not contain the location you are looking for you can browse to the correct location, click on the map, and the website will reselect the appropriate map panel.</td></tr>
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The next step is to either view the map online or to download the map and view it on your computer. I've found the online viewer to be pretty clunky; however, if you download the map file they can be quite large (this particular panel is about 70 MB). If you only have to view one map, it's probably worth downloading it. If you are going to view a bunch, you may prefer to just view them online.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI-dwb4gvQWbjktUOyvzueX2mUTK31FX7AF3RG2nNhXrl0wPl4db4PlH4_pwEd458NpQNiyi4CI-qQ8IDOdhWHIjXruFvrxJhTErNCgBtrG-Lwd9OqAsmI6xRmeop7uwYQ8oMaNH0EADQ4/s1600/Image+4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI-dwb4gvQWbjktUOyvzueX2mUTK31FX7AF3RG2nNhXrl0wPl4db4PlH4_pwEd458NpQNiyi4CI-qQ8IDOdhWHIjXruFvrxJhTErNCgBtrG-Lwd9OqAsmI6xRmeop7uwYQ8oMaNH0EADQ4/s1600/Image+4.png" height="488" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Once you have the correct map panel selected, you can either view the map online or download the map.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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The download file comes down as a zip file, so you will have to unzip it first to get to the image file (a PNG file). If you view the map online, the viewer will open in a new window. I suggest maximizing your browser window and then using the zoom tool to zoom in so you can see the map better. Here, I've drawn a zoom box around the beach and river mouth area.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlbfDY5RnLBNsJhrniEJGR96iytQJZ6N0P48ySGkr7DRgHJVDVN9xNHGy1sF608olBKoOF3MWVPuAcw6TJuqacoszvx6jo6xzk-Qh7axeq0pMno3dtBf79g4IQVc7vUb2n3zPoA7v2yzM9/s1600/Image+5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlbfDY5RnLBNsJhrniEJGR96iytQJZ6N0P48ySGkr7DRgHJVDVN9xNHGy1sF608olBKoOF3MWVPuAcw6TJuqacoszvx6jo6xzk-Qh7axeq0pMno3dtBf79g4IQVc7vUb2n3zPoA7v2yzM9/s1600/Image+5.png" height="416" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">You can zoom in to your area of interest. Here, I'm zooming in to the Capitola Beach area.</td></tr>
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Once you zoom in to the right level, you can really start to see some of the information and labels for your area of interest. Here, I've enlarged the boxed area from above. There are a few key labels to note, which I'll explain in more detail below. First, the areas shaded in blue or black are areas that are in FEMA's Special Flood Hazard Area. If you aren't in a blue or black area, it doesn't mean that you have no risk of flooding, it just means that you are not mapped in FEMA's regulatory floodplain. The second level of information are the labels "Zone AE" and "Zone VE". These designations tell you the type of flood hazard in each area. Finally, the numbers on the map (17, 19, 20, 22, etc) indicate what is called the "Base Flood Elevation", which is the elevation of the floodwaters associated with FEMA's regulatory storm of choice - the 100-year or "1-percent-annual-chance" flood.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWj-7tzNnOq7kIrKvR0qF3Ksp8jIleOCQNsrLYHSfsAZuEvhFcKvaf7E9diuXQdcxfVvwgFd0m1u4cadH9p9gKq3BMWpFYbAg75C_fmpW9n0K0SlnmMYNOEpwtRyXbdjOYZ4L1jt2BqzIr/s1600/Image+6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWj-7tzNnOq7kIrKvR0qF3Ksp8jIleOCQNsrLYHSfsAZuEvhFcKvaf7E9diuXQdcxfVvwgFd0m1u4cadH9p9gKq3BMWpFYbAg75C_fmpW9n0K0SlnmMYNOEpwtRyXbdjOYZ4L1jt2BqzIr/s1600/Image+6.png" height="518" width="640" /></a></div>
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So now for some more detail:<br />
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<ul>
<li><b>Special Flood Hazard Area</b> - The blue and black shaded areas are "in" the floodplain. The blue areas are subject to flooding during a 100-year storm and the black areas are subject to flooding during a 500-year storm. I'm using the common terminology for FEMA's design storm (the "100-year flood") but technically the "1-percent-annual-chance" storm is the more correct term. The difference in terminology is because the 100-year storm is not a storm that happens only once every one hundred years. Instead, it is a storm event that has a 1% chance of occurrence in any given year. That may sound low, but due to the effects of cumulative probability, the chance of experiencing a 100-year flood over a time period of 30 years is roughly 25% (see my post on <a href="http://californiabeachblog.blogspot.com/2013/11/what-is-your-flood-risk-tolerance.html" target="_blank">Encounter Probability</a> for more information). And finally, just for the record, if you are mapped in the 500-year floodplain, you are still vulnerable to flooding and may want to consider purchasing flood insurance! Ask anyone who survived Hurricanes Katrina or Sandy, both of which were more severe than a 100-year event...</li>
<li><b>Zone Designations</b> - Fortunately, this map only has two zone designations - Zone AE and Zone VE. The "V" in VE indicates a high <b>velocity</b> zone, either due to strong currents or wave action. The AE zone indicates inundation only (or inundation with small waves). The "E" indicates that the area has an assigned Base Flood Elevation (or BFE, see next bullet). There are other areas (like to the east of Capitola) that have either a generic "V" Zone or "A" Zone. In these areas, the flood hazard area is shown on the map but there is no published flood elevation, so less information is available. Other designations exist (for example, zones which indicate depth of flooding but not and elevation), but the VE and AE zones are the most common.</li>
<li><b>Base Flood Elevations</b> - The numbers shown on the map are key because they tell you to what elevation flood waters are predicted to rise during the 100-year flood. Elevations on newer maps are reported relative to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88). Older maps typically reported elevations relative to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD29). Along the California coast, elevations relative to NAVD88 are typically 2.5 to 3 ft higher than in NGVD29.</li>
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If you live in an area where elevated homes were common, you would be required to elevate your home (on stilts for example) above the BFE to minimize flood damage. It is, of course, possible that flood waters will exceed this elevation during extreme events so it is up to a homeowner to decide what risk they are willing to take. In Capitola, the western portion of the beach shows a wave runup elevation of 22 ft and the eastern portion of the beach shows a wave runup elevation of 19 ft. Landward of the coastal flood hazard area, the blue shading merges with the Soquel River flood hazard area and the base flood elevations increase from 15 ft to 17 ft to 19 ft to 20 ft, etc. as you move upstream.<br />
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Along the California coastline, the base flood elevation typically represents the <b>wave runup elevation</b> at the shoreline. In some sheltered areas with small waves, the limit of inundation may be shown as an AE Zone only (such as Bolinas Lagoon), which indicates that the area is generally sheltered from wave action but may be subject to tidal flooding.</div>
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Let's look at a couple other examples:</div>
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Here's the inundation floodplain in Bolinas Lagoon that I mentioned above. As you can see, there is no V Zone (which would indicate the potential for damaging storm waves) and instead the Special Flood Hazard Area is shown as an AE Zone with elevation 8 ft.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyOVFMmlvN-NePvG_2P0Tj0KNDoPfw_Jhq8mxe9upnaAswe2UF0MMtgXqGrNcAXToyxRBsd9iPJHi-uVT00BVMBouD1CraliOUg5hDJN6an5Adga-sq3Wx4zicN_58uoahLZl5N45ndwyv/s1600/Image+7.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyOVFMmlvN-NePvG_2P0Tj0KNDoPfw_Jhq8mxe9upnaAswe2UF0MMtgXqGrNcAXToyxRBsd9iPJHi-uVT00BVMBouD1CraliOUg5hDJN6an5Adga-sq3Wx4zicN_58uoahLZl5N45ndwyv/s1600/Image+7.png" height="326" width="640" /></a></div>
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Here's the coastal floodplain mapping along Beach Drive in Rio del Mar. There is a VE Zone at this location with a base flood elevation (wave runup elevation) of 24 ft. As you can see, all of the homes built along the back of the beach here are vulnerable to coastal flood damage.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4JVSGdno6S9y7WQnqMmkihgGRzC9pKjwfFMKdgUgTlAEI-k0h6ldidQe8a6pZHIKzGcQlTfzXTqPtRafWpCbc4AOIh1_FXz6AoXAQMAdgFDLbKLQWZSlmVciXx2Is4ODY1zMunLsmSbqd/s1600/Image+8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4JVSGdno6S9y7WQnqMmkihgGRzC9pKjwfFMKdgUgTlAEI-k0h6ldidQe8a6pZHIKzGcQlTfzXTqPtRafWpCbc4AOIh1_FXz6AoXAQMAdgFDLbKLQWZSlmVciXx2Is4ODY1zMunLsmSbqd/s1600/Image+8.png" height="404" width="640" /></a></div>
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So there you have it. If you want more detailed information, there is a 50-page tutorial on FEMA's website, titled <a href="http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1550-20490-1950/ot_firm.pdf" target="_blank">How to read a flood insurance rate map</a> but I hope I've provided enough information here to get you started. Also keep in mind that FEMA is currently updating the coastal flood maps for the entire state of California - so your map will soon change (for the better - the new maps are based on new data and state of the art analysis and mapping techniques).</div>
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Please leave a comment if you have any questions.</div>
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Justin Vandeverhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08677455267312712386noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4246436115275908122.post-49463803913588826092014-11-23T11:46:00.000-08:002014-11-23T11:46:20.926-08:00November afternoon at Ocean Beach - first videoOn Saturday afternoon I headed out to Ocean Beach to practice using the video functionality of my Nikon D7100. It was sunny at my house on the Panhandle but by the time I got out to the Inner Sunset it was grey and misting! I thought I saw clearing clouds to the west and sure enough by the time I got to the Great Highway it was sunny and warm, although a bit windy. The storms clouds were headed eastward and I was in for a perfect fall afternoon at the beach.<br />
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I opened my trunk to get my camera and tripod only to discover I was missing the plate that attaches the camera to the tripod! Ahhh! I guess my first video attempt was destined to be a shaky hand-held operation.<br />
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I had been experimenting with the video settings the night before and had the camera in monochrome mode. I turned the camera on and liked what I saw and the black and white colors seemed appropriate for a post-storm November outing so I left the settings as is.<br />
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I left the camera in aperture-priority mode and for the most part the camera behaved like I wanted. The focuses proved to be the trickiest aspect because it was hard to see the live display on the back of the camera due to the glare so I couldn't always tell if the image was in focus.<br />
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I tried to follow some guidance I had read online of shooting a few 10-second clips and then editing them together at the end. I tried to vary the shots - some landscape, some details, some personal.<br />
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When I got home I still didn't have a viable option for the video editor! I did a little research online and downloaded the Microsoft Movie Maker, which proved to be just the right balance of simplicity and functionality for me to stitch together the clips, add transitions, and overlay a soundtrack.<br />
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Hope you enjoy!<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="281" mozallowfullscreen="" src="//player.vimeo.com/video/112610692" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="500"></iframe> <br />
<a href="http://vimeo.com/112610692">Ocean Beach</a> from <a href="http://vimeo.com/user20070138">California Beach Blog</a> on <a href="https://vimeo.com/">Vimeo</a>.Justin Vandeverhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08677455267312712386noreply@blogger.com1Ocean Beach, San Francisco, CA, USA37.778372372691486 -122.5139814354736237.772097372691483 -122.52406643547363 37.784647372691488 -122.50389643547362tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4246436115275908122.post-53939479707827461922014-08-11T22:43:00.000-07:002014-08-12T09:01:41.817-07:00Exploring the Devil's Slide Coastal Trail<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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After driving the narrow coastal road along Devil's Slide for years, I was very excited for the opening of the bypass tunnels in 2013. Construction of the tunnels was a major victory for environmentalists who had opposed construction of an inland route over Montara Mountain since the late 1950s. In addition to celebrating the opening of the tunnels, we can also celebrate the opening of a new coastal access trail which runs for 1.3 miles along the old HWY 1. The Devil's Slide trail is also part of the statewide California Coastal Trail. We visited the new trail in June 2014.</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf_REop3aLbW8ZfW3S_nOxnaC6bXGYmcVmvyNeVHCKtIIFmM6Wq66wpAB7cpvVRL1cdCdhDE9kaijJE2txtoDkF-fRzsf1pCOK54SzdzE5WFBLv5xZQy-55eGYcV7DR8ddPRCZATyRDw6w/s1600/DSC_2319.JPG" height="428" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The northern entrance to the Tom Lantos Tunnels, completed in 2013.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: left;">We started our hike from the Pacifica side of the tunnels. The parking
area is relatively small and we secured the last open spot (there is more parking available at the south end of the tunnels). There is a
bathroom and water fountain at the start of the path, which slowly
climbs upwards for about a quarter mile. The path accommodates both pedestrian and bike traffic.</td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmr3MecjfThxEX3NmUMdmBvEln1jc_tNVQrlS9Pp-npm5Xn10HJxdD2sjYWkvFwr2RIRyG9F4ECPO4vDeHZZhJ_yNekI1DkVCJ0j-DLFvZpkcoSOP9xIWXTgprpDG5MME0zfHX1onF4VuQ/s1600/DSC_2322.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmr3MecjfThxEX3NmUMdmBvEln1jc_tNVQrlS9Pp-npm5Xn10HJxdD2sjYWkvFwr2RIRyG9F4ECPO4vDeHZZhJ_yNekI1DkVCJ0j-DLFvZpkcoSOP9xIWXTgprpDG5MME0zfHX1onF4VuQ/s1600/DSC_2322.JPG" height="428" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The northern start to the Devil's Slide Coastal Trail.</td></tr>
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We saw these interesting looking plants all along the first section of the trail. I believe they are called Pride of Medeira and are fairly common along the central coastal areas of California.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP0ASjicq3TKMLa_5kaAzPFnhLDT7BYpBCmLg_HLv8V18aGle8xIaJYICfdT9ZS7pO8Vi75GhJHQFjkPsBj0qY0wbGNYfQCsVPBdKUkUm8o0R5if-Ga9j_nN0PQ35L-twiVRDKCaBhY9GM/s1600/DSC_2326.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP0ASjicq3TKMLa_5kaAzPFnhLDT7BYpBCmLg_HLv8V18aGle8xIaJYICfdT9ZS7pO8Vi75GhJHQFjkPsBj0qY0wbGNYfQCsVPBdKUkUm8o0R5if-Ga9j_nN0PQ35L-twiVRDKCaBhY9GM/s1600/DSC_2326.JPG" height="640" width="428" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pride of Medeira flowers along the trail.</td></tr>
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We soon came upon a nice landscaped overlook with expansive views across the Pacific. It was a little hazy but I bet on some days you can spot the Farallon Islands in the distance.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiphQriWHesFKc6SVZy5xiJJahRbItAU2dJT2qiweZQIFhyphenhypheni3ct4ikk2q1NcaF6RlQuHJ-VhjrfvLMmMnwvvMmBX_3A-Va1qpkAGHEzXpMGyUdA_y0RPjHYQLC8X_RK1F1fDkSfNwM64Wxk/s1600/DSC_2327.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiphQriWHesFKc6SVZy5xiJJahRbItAU2dJT2qiweZQIFhyphenhypheni3ct4ikk2q1NcaF6RlQuHJ-VhjrfvLMmMnwvvMmBX_3A-Va1qpkAGHEzXpMGyUdA_y0RPjHYQLC8X_RK1F1fDkSfNwM64Wxk/s1600/DSC_2327.JPG" height="428" width="640" /></a></div>
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To the north we could see the rocks of Point San Pedro and the San Andreas fault line far in the distance. I believe the terraced bench seen running along the cliff in this photo is the old Ocean Shore Railroad grade. The railroad was originally planned to extend 73 miles from San Francisco to Santa Cruz; however, the 1906 earthquake caused extensive destruction and delays. The tracks were never completed and the Ocean Shore Railroad went bankrupt in 1921.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIOKFi4nxLjXBuYHvmXmi43AI_JNQkKokrqzwSs7o2XMfo-hEhqXxeKX2dJvcUQC12u8ICCjT9k6tpIbW7rxBRxkUSZTWbQYkQ3aJQiqkm6fWs7xm6yU86ch5htI7-cXtC9tW0fH1ZfLCL/s1600/DSC_2330.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIOKFi4nxLjXBuYHvmXmi43AI_JNQkKokrqzwSs7o2XMfo-hEhqXxeKX2dJvcUQC12u8ICCjT9k6tpIbW7rxBRxkUSZTWbQYkQ3aJQiqkm6fWs7xm6yU86ch5htI7-cXtC9tW0fH1ZfLCL/s1600/DSC_2330.JPG" height="428" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Point San Pedro visible to the north from the trail.</td></tr>
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This stretch of coastline between Point San Pedro and Montara Beach is well known for its unstable geology and steep coastal cliffs. Waves erode the base of the bluffs which makes them susceptible to landslides.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRr1_fFB1P9BeX1hEKOGIlsiA6I6hvdjP7GYkhPaNC_TQLknO7ilww5lgYDj4FW6Wm8JVxWxPFnmr7g5H4-X83nNUomCAOG9ZTZA1lu3I3rM0rC-T7Lne5C7zOWy9rJPFk0PQxq14IYUWk/s1600/DSC_2345.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRr1_fFB1P9BeX1hEKOGIlsiA6I6hvdjP7GYkhPaNC_TQLknO7ilww5lgYDj4FW6Wm8JVxWxPFnmr7g5H4-X83nNUomCAOG9ZTZA1lu3I3rM0rC-T7Lne5C7zOWy9rJPFk0PQxq14IYUWk/s1600/DSC_2345.JPG" height="428" width="640" /></a><br />
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The northern half of the area consists of deformed and fractured sandstones and shales which are prone to rockfall and slides (Griggs et al. 2005). The unstable rocks can be seen perched above the roadway.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB1uyGjD20Ca0JzdodPvISO6e285GJfQ_2A6bonGyZCXJo8P8gbj3cRHCuFwwfPKB36p9HT6vJsemA2v57rxh2SeHbfU_YQI7Ot2o7m3NqFYLWZwhCda3Y5q5DmdsCYKTRnrqikp3Lg9OW/s1600/DSC_2337.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB1uyGjD20Ca0JzdodPvISO6e285GJfQ_2A6bonGyZCXJo8P8gbj3cRHCuFwwfPKB36p9HT6vJsemA2v57rxh2SeHbfU_YQI7Ot2o7m3NqFYLWZwhCda3Y5q5DmdsCYKTRnrqikp3Lg9OW/s1600/DSC_2337.JPG" height="428" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Unstable sandstone and shale above the roadway.</td></tr>
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The bedded layers of sandstone and shale rock are easily visible along the roadside. A geologist's dream! These rocks were formed during the Paleocene, approximately 60 million years ago.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnckkfXwgIatzOuZhlCmPEqB8rZg8xp5QsS_q5jA4wGLx3f43Q61t6hPF0tN0vMpXpaGrq6WbLhj0Q0uGQIYbrVqA9JGTaCS9wG6Xf-pNoK6QKnM1rD5ir9kAPMo1h-KIBWN_XuXbRA8Zd/s1600/DSC_2339.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnckkfXwgIatzOuZhlCmPEqB8rZg8xp5QsS_q5jA4wGLx3f43Q61t6hPF0tN0vMpXpaGrq6WbLhj0Q0uGQIYbrVqA9JGTaCS9wG6Xf-pNoK6QKnM1rD5ir9kAPMo1h-KIBWN_XuXbRA8Zd/s1600/DSC_2339.JPG" height="428" width="640" /></a></div>
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Barriers along the road help keep rocks from falling down onto the path. It's hard to believe the state was able to maintain this section of road for so long!<br />
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In addition to the barriers on the road, the state has constructed an extensive system of slope stabilization and drainage to lower groundwater levels over the past decades to help secure the slope.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Slope stabilization measures along the Devil's Slide coastal trail.</td></tr>
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As you make your way to the south towards Montara, the rock transitions to deeply weathered but more stable granitic rocks (also known as Montara granodiorite). These granitic rocks are similar to the granite outcrops at Bodega Head and Point Reyes, which have been transported northward on the Pacific Plate from their place of origin in southern California (Hayes and Michel 2010).<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirm4jmmZTWVu5CvBlg4LHfgsdKzW358htGACffTMreI5Et9l7Xladb9HhTSyGCfRECclLUIw7-hA-vqapvif6C-a2DxoVYk8QwzkCRAf3FFicCC1hAvJ_vicTubfGHSi1ZxGp4Kp6oQT2R/s1600/DSC_2347.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirm4jmmZTWVu5CvBlg4LHfgsdKzW358htGACffTMreI5Et9l7Xladb9HhTSyGCfRECclLUIw7-hA-vqapvif6C-a2DxoVYk8QwzkCRAf3FFicCC1hAvJ_vicTubfGHSi1ZxGp4Kp6oQT2R/s1600/DSC_2347.JPG" height="640" width="428" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Drainage pipes are part of the state's efforts to stabilize the slope. A former WWII military emplacement to spot enemy ships is visible on the hilltop in the distance.</td></tr>
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This photo from the California Coastal Records Project (<a href="http://californiacoastline.org/">californiacoastline.org</a>) shows the precarious HWY 1 along Devil's Slide running high above the Pacific Ocean. Various drain pipes and slope stabilization measures are visible in the photo.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvDWMVCwUGID6EYbmz3hXFEN38XT5Hz22a3mQcGQDhfJi90mlCzfJ_ES5MDRcL4_fQtHWi7lfkA2xNs7BpQyXYESbncCKtj9QMshCYgimdnvzwaf_vpvtsAKHOpj1kBsf4VlzFUmu5Npn8/s1600/Devils+Slide+oblique.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvDWMVCwUGID6EYbmz3hXFEN38XT5Hz22a3mQcGQDhfJi90mlCzfJ_ES5MDRcL4_fQtHWi7lfkA2xNs7BpQyXYESbncCKtj9QMshCYgimdnvzwaf_vpvtsAKHOpj1kBsf4VlzFUmu5Npn8/s1600/Devils+Slide+oblique.JPG" height="416" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">HWY 1 along Devil's Slide. Source: California Coastal Records Project.</td></tr>
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As we continued, the views did not fail to impress and there were abundant wildflowers along the ridge below the trail.<br />
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At two locations along Devil's Slide, old military emplacements can be seen keeping watch over the Pacific. Eight-one stations were built along this stretch of coast from Point Reyes to Half Moon Bay between 1892 and 1949 to spot and triangulate the positions of enemy ships off our shores.<br />
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At the far south end of the trail, a view of Montara Beach emerges. Montara Beach is a wonderful unique beach definitely worth a visit!<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXdrgBPyJ6MR2Q44OZcOyFfw4RgGD_BfgRGednVBCql6AadU21rGrJycp6Riw51o6tU9qSE_lU-I3G5BSh0Y3itmkaJ6nLEjBYymJWaztycNO8FmxPXVEzqb3Qu5Q5OeJpvkd5IWkDQOvh/s1600/DSC_2364.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXdrgBPyJ6MR2Q44OZcOyFfw4RgGD_BfgRGednVBCql6AadU21rGrJycp6Riw51o6tU9qSE_lU-I3G5BSh0Y3itmkaJ6nLEjBYymJWaztycNO8FmxPXVEzqb3Qu5Q5OeJpvkd5IWkDQOvh/s1600/DSC_2364.JPG" height="428" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">View of Montara Beach to the south from the Devil's Slide Coastal Trail.</td></tr>
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Until next time... Keep exploring!Justin Vandeverhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08677455267312712386noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4246436115275908122.post-25496463618106112052014-04-16T19:01:00.002-07:002014-04-17T15:12:28.866-07:00March 1-2, 2014 Storm Round-up<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Overview</b></span><br />
California's March 1-2, 2014 storm caused quite a stir up and down the coast from the San Francisco Bay area to San Diego. According to the National Weather Service <a href="http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/mtr/stormSummary/Rain_2_28_2014/rain_2_28_2014.php" target="_blank">report</a> on the event, an intense low pressure system developed off the California coast and persisted from February 26 to March 2, 2014. The system produced heavy rain, strong winds, flooding, thunderstorms, damaging winds, small hail, and high surf. Orographic lift produced large rainfall in the Santa Cruz and Santa Lucia mountains. Offshore winds reached 55 mph and peaked at 71 mph along the mountains of the Big Sur coast.Coastal impacts were mainly felt in southern California due to unusually large wave exposure. The slow movement of the low pressure system, southerly track, and strong winds created a large fetch over the open waters of the Pacific which led to large wave heights impacting the coastline in otherwise sheltered areas reminiscent of El Nino-type storms.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh98rxdwDxYR-5QkiMaL0T2SLBU8tCfV1ieMfSq6sQv7EBT2um-pMaOXE09RVLjC8XxccOxppxZOuBKltAfABmRTGvY6Z65my3Jy1imi5EAv9jrJtxx2SkLDT02c9yzUt7jIYzh5rwA_Mi/s1600/Cyclone+image+offshore+-+NWS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh98rxdwDxYR-5QkiMaL0T2SLBU8tCfV1ieMfSq6sQv7EBT2um-pMaOXE09RVLjC8XxccOxppxZOuBKltAfABmRTGvY6Z65my3Jy1imi5EAv9jrJtxx2SkLDT02c9yzUt7jIYzh5rwA_Mi/s1600/Cyclone+image+offshore+-+NWS.jpg" height="426" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption">The low pressure system, or extratropical cyclone, developing offshore on February 28.</td></tr>
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The wave forecast was also quite formidable, with large offshore wave heights approaching 30 feet with a westerly angle of approach, according to Surfline.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilVUffSOR86xK7tF1Yitv5DlHMbsQUc-WWxmQtc60QTIzBSztpUleIroTnTqyqmv2cFKHGy-A-fQbSPVpIb_OhGbOKiABBggunWez79vmhOCpkvbm5bbxfiiW6pSlWY5TMvfpwg8-BtqwG/s1600/01Mar2014+Surfline+Wave+Height+Forecast.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilVUffSOR86xK7tF1Yitv5DlHMbsQUc-WWxmQtc60QTIzBSztpUleIroTnTqyqmv2cFKHGy-A-fQbSPVpIb_OhGbOKiABBggunWez79vmhOCpkvbm5bbxfiiW6pSlWY5TMvfpwg8-BtqwG/s1600/01Mar2014+Surfline+Wave+Height+Forecast.jpg" height="412" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Surfline's wave forecast showing offshore wave heights approaching 30 ft with a westerly swell.</td></tr>
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I reviewed the National Data Buoy Center offshore wave measurements over the period from March 1-2, 2014 and pulled out the peak wave conditions over that time. As you can see, the highest offshore wave heights were along the San Luis Obsipo and Santa Barbara coastlines. This is consistent with the Surfline forecast shown above which shows the maximum wave heights off of Point Conception. Also of note is the predominant westerly direction of the buoy measurements, which generally show waves approaching from the W or WSW. Once you get into the southern California bight, the offshore islands start to play a role in determining which coastal areas were hardest hit, as the islands shelter some areas more than others.<br />
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/* Style Definitions */
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{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
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mso-para-margin-right:0in;
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mso-para-margin-left:0in;
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mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
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<![endif]-->
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Station
ID</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.8pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Station</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hs
(m)</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hs
(ft)</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tp
(sec)</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dm
(deg N)</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
46026</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.8pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
San Francisco</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
4.0</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">13.1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
14</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
238</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
46114</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.8pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
Monterey</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
6.5</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">21.3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
13</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
246</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
46239</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.8pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
Point Sur</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
7.1</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">23.3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
14</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
252</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
46028</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.8pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
Cape San Martin</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
7.4</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">24.3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
14</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
244</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
46011</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.8pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
Santa Maria</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
7.6</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">24.9</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
15</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
250</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
46218</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.8pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
Harvest Buoy</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
6.7</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">22.0</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
17</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
271</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
46054</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.8pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
West Santa Barbara</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
6.5</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">21.3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
15</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
262</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
46216</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.8pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
Goleta Point</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
4.3</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">14.1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
15</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
261</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
46217</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.8pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
Anacapa Passage</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
2.9</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">9.5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
15</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
267</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
46221</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.8pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
Santa Monica Bay</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
4.5</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">14.8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
11.5</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
262</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
46222</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.8pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
San Pedro</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
4.7</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">15.4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
12.3</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
267</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
46223</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.8pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
Dana Point</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
3.0</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">9.8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
10.3</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
268</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
46224</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.8pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
Oceanside Offshore</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
3.3</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">10.8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
17</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
267</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
46225</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.8pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
Torrey Pines</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
4.4</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">14.4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
11.2</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
282</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
46231</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.8pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
Mission Bay</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
4.2</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">13.8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
15</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
274</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 16; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.8pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
46232</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.8pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
Point Loma South</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
4.9</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">16.1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
17</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
275</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Note: Hs = significant wave height, Tp = peak wave period, and Dm = mean wave direction</span><br />
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<br />
<span id="goog_1114808270"></span><span id="goog_1114808271"></span>I won't focus too much on the precipitation impacts, other than to note that precipitation was widespread across the state and that there was a lot of it! The NWS precipitation totals are shown below. The highest rainfall totals in central California reached 10+ inches in the Big Sur Mountains and parts of southern California.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCxz4DbDx5OEJM5qYsH4FLtjGIbcJpEYZu06Mq2jGVCe1yX8yBKbjPRc42vGzx4H8ONhtZZN_YNIhelk1tn_Vs3RS9e00-4UnOfwMyG-S5pOYOo9NLcSkrdq4ZkqFdbCgteUATjIuN8O8g/s1600/storm_total_rain.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCxz4DbDx5OEJM5qYsH4FLtjGIbcJpEYZu06Mq2jGVCe1yX8yBKbjPRc42vGzx4H8ONhtZZN_YNIhelk1tn_Vs3RS9e00-4UnOfwMyG-S5pOYOo9NLcSkrdq4ZkqFdbCgteUATjIuN8O8g/s1600/storm_total_rain.png" height="640" width="590" /> </a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh22lE2gbs4me2QWDhj6MQUDPkQXwMd0n9xK81to2JchnBoUY3lcKxviAmMFLocrnq63i21heN2ua92k7UpwarEsbGNPp_TCHxM667UDId9UeVkDmdsFarbvoolq2s9dyzeS6E8l9VfQs_n/s1600/NWS+SoCal+Total+Precipitation.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh22lE2gbs4me2QWDhj6MQUDPkQXwMd0n9xK81to2JchnBoUY3lcKxviAmMFLocrnq63i21heN2ua92k7UpwarEsbGNPp_TCHxM667UDId9UeVkDmdsFarbvoolq2s9dyzeS6E8l9VfQs_n/s1600/NWS+SoCal+Total+Precipitation.png" height="480" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">County Summaries</span></b><br />
<span id="goog_1114808270"></span><span id="goog_1114808271"></span><span style="font-size: large;">Santa Cruz</span><br />
Santa Cruz County was the most northern county to feel significant impacts from the storm, primarily due to its southern exposure. In the City of Santa Cruz, large waves impacted the shoreline. Waves crashed up and over the breakwater at the Walton Lighthouse at the Twin Lakes harbor entrance.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0agQbU1VYzrmg0rafBbC5lqHMaPn0x5Qb751bbFI52IwtOhAn1DOqz0ZOwPlAPSL93D56frBeoGPFQpNQS-95TK1cun0J0O4edz2DpcsuSUMznG2FcJx-ZatfhuVvHBixf1RL-vth9ow3/s1600/Walton+Lighthouse+-+Central+Coast+Photographs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0agQbU1VYzrmg0rafBbC5lqHMaPn0x5Qb751bbFI52IwtOhAn1DOqz0ZOwPlAPSL93D56frBeoGPFQpNQS-95TK1cun0J0O4edz2DpcsuSUMznG2FcJx-ZatfhuVvHBixf1RL-vth9ow3/s1600/Walton+Lighthouse+-+Central+Coast+Photographs.jpg" height="396" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Source: <a href="https://www.facebook.com/CentralCoastPhotographs" target="_blank">Central Coast Photographs</a></td></tr>
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<span id="goog_1114808270"></span><span id="goog_1114808271"></span>High runup was also observed from waves impacting the bluff at Lighthouse Point. The story has it this guy lost his board shortly after jumping in and had to swim back ashore.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicEA-4NQtQUDxkPv4NfZ04r4xZole_qaOHIeXAtcbEfcDU3lqe8BH5vN3qK79zhoJ44m1oYjL0_lddf4qMQXoH0PV_PFFifA5HfSLSdj8C92YlmQ9dOaV5ybqG8nRsYita2bX24oqm9jn-/s1600/Lighthouse+point+surfer+-+Allen+Hughes+Photography.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicEA-4NQtQUDxkPv4NfZ04r4xZole_qaOHIeXAtcbEfcDU3lqe8BH5vN3qK79zhoJ44m1oYjL0_lddf4qMQXoH0PV_PFFifA5HfSLSdj8C92YlmQ9dOaV5ybqG8nRsYita2bX24oqm9jn-/s1600/Lighthouse+point+surfer+-+Allen+Hughes+Photography.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Source: <a href="https://www.facebook.com/allenhughesphoto" target="_blank">Allen Hughes Photography</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Along West Cliff Drive, a 10x10 ft, 40-ft deep sinkhole opened up due to undermining by wave action on the bluff. The sidewalk was damaged due to the pressure of breaking waves forcing their way up into the cliff. One lane of traffic was closed while crews assessed the stability of the bluff.</div>
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Along the Santa Cruz Boardwalk, waves washed up onto the beach back to the seawall, but there were no reports of damage or overtopping.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSVMbLsaFLy8i1f72ppd8BPmGT8ErXyHZtcOnytJ2TOzFhDwCAk-r9D6jQKuUMqKr25BcNrs6YjqFU1eRvFYiD7V0tjNZhilR1Vl4HSVg_zyK_VAiFOolQ0V3UL7X9YtGeVh1EpZAteYHn/s1600/Santa+Cruz+boardwalk+-+Sammy+Garcia+Photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSVMbLsaFLy8i1f72ppd8BPmGT8ErXyHZtcOnytJ2TOzFhDwCAk-r9D6jQKuUMqKr25BcNrs6YjqFU1eRvFYiD7V0tjNZhilR1Vl4HSVg_zyK_VAiFOolQ0V3UL7X9YtGeVh1EpZAteYHn/s1600/Santa+Cruz+boardwalk+-+Sammy+Garcia+Photo.jpg" height="426" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Source: <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sammygarciaphoto" target="_blank">Sammy Garcia Photo</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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The Capitola waterfront, with its long <a href="http://www.cityofcapitola.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/General/page/2484/appendixa_timeline_of_capitola_natural_hazard_events-jun2013-small.pdf" target="_blank">history of flooding</a>, probably saw the worst of the storm's impacts. Waves washed over the Esplanade seawall, reaching cars in the parking lot. Wave overwash combined with urban runoff to flood the downtown area businesses. Waves crashed into the deck of the restaurants at the Soquel River mouth, but business was reported to resume the next day.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUX7r8gfBKl0IIznK7AtSMOda7apCuZJXRJzMnfk3GmJmsu_1tPP_ZiWIJCUehOnHDh4WMBS4p1DX2Wp4JzMH4KEOSi7PXbu96zrqxq0JDBl5xys8QF3IFIsjuOUihyphenhyphenQBvBaPZe54fxnLO/s1600/Capitola+Seawall+Sabine+Dukes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUX7r8gfBKl0IIznK7AtSMOda7apCuZJXRJzMnfk3GmJmsu_1tPP_ZiWIJCUehOnHDh4WMBS4p1DX2Wp4JzMH4KEOSi7PXbu96zrqxq0JDBl5xys8QF3IFIsjuOUihyphenhyphenQBvBaPZe54fxnLO/s1600/Capitola+Seawall+Sabine+Dukes.jpg" height="382" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Waves overtopping the Capitola Esplanade with evidence of earlier overtopping in the form of sand and debris on the sidewalk. (Source: Sabine Dukes)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTqGBUx61o_WBRBLPAFzYlzp6WOCeNtPmKjpXXocBOxmY7uYawBs1mk2SYk8Cdg05zMpF4ECS-uj9X9ehYnFkN27OllrLrbmnCOXeXQie1ouDW9fFL-eXZ5kKVQiCIyO4-9_Km4JtcePDz/s1600/Capitola+Venice+condos+Martha+Bingham+Tousseau.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTqGBUx61o_WBRBLPAFzYlzp6WOCeNtPmKjpXXocBOxmY7uYawBs1mk2SYk8Cdg05zMpF4ECS-uj9X9ehYnFkN27OllrLrbmnCOXeXQie1ouDW9fFL-eXZ5kKVQiCIyO4-9_Km4JtcePDz/s1600/Capitola+Venice+condos+Martha+Bingham+Tousseau.jpg" height="426" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Waves impacting the Venetian Hotel Condos seawall, with evidence of earlier wave overwash of the wall. (Source: Sabine Dukes)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyPotYr4MSNfLNxip8RAVjcjSOJ5IsvIQFo1nKM3wX594aBvnUI5gdlpp2wJ7TDkbNjGHtYRJAUfeuslXJrw8if4R0EYOM1p_oy6o5erhGtqf0_HfeS3w3yMzskM9nA4mh_m2XOVXHR662/s1600/Capitola+pier+-+Sabine+Dukes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyPotYr4MSNfLNxip8RAVjcjSOJ5IsvIQFo1nKM3wX594aBvnUI5gdlpp2wJ7TDkbNjGHtYRJAUfeuslXJrw8if4R0EYOM1p_oy6o5erhGtqf0_HfeS3w3yMzskM9nA4mh_m2XOVXHR662/s1600/Capitola+pier+-+Sabine+Dukes.jpg" height="436" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Waves impacting the end of the Capitola Pier. (Source: Sabine Dukes)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">San Luis Obispo</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">San Luis Obispo also experienced some dramatic wave action due to strong waves making their way around the breakwater and impacting the shoreline. At Port San Luis, waves washed over the revetment into the parking lot just north of the boat launch.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">The folks at Avila Beach Paddlesports captured some great video of the wave overwash. Search "<a href="http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=avila%20beach%20storm&sm=3" target="_blank">avila beach storm</a>" on youtube for more videos.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">Avila Pier was damaged and closed. Boards on the pier were lifted up from the waves during the morning high tide. Residents were quoted as saying they couldn't remember tides and waves this high.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyzPOKZa6rezVLZsrsrg8REB9YZPP2i53J5hIvD1pt6XBzJ13fIx7k5UTk5xhWSTJHgRLfSAd58p_TjxOTT-ZCNufEsbdZ-N1PBrZq4zigLi9JzhcXtyzqd_SeeGYmkem6GWiMh9jE-TZs/s1600/Avila+Beach+Pier+planks+Laura+Dickinson+tribunenews.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyzPOKZa6rezVLZsrsrg8REB9YZPP2i53J5hIvD1pt6XBzJ13fIx7k5UTk5xhWSTJHgRLfSAd58p_TjxOTT-ZCNufEsbdZ-N1PBrZq4zigLi9JzhcXtyzqd_SeeGYmkem6GWiMh9jE-TZs/s1600/Avila+Beach+Pier+planks+Laura+Dickinson+tribunenews.jpeg" height="460" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Waves lifted up the boards along the Avila Pier, which closed during the storm. (Source: Laura Dickinson; <a href="http://www.sanluisobispo.com/" target="_blank">http://www.sanluisobispo.com/</a>)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">At Pismo Beach, waves washed all the way back to the boardwalk and seawall. City personnel had to encourage folks to stay off the beach for safety reasons.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXdB5XXbuuR0ItLxMIz-Q4u44r1PVQmo4A9AIIm525HIdCiTw1Ifd2uuGgu0LDFG2Q4ikuubnrUhpOxOOnlHbxEyuDJTTuHT7bnCHV_ZLzSwbosNtpTX62fEVIis7MAbu3p40t3s1SiPhs/s1600/Pismo+beach+seawall+runup+Central+Coast+Pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXdB5XXbuuR0ItLxMIz-Q4u44r1PVQmo4A9AIIm525HIdCiTw1Ifd2uuGgu0LDFG2Q4ikuubnrUhpOxOOnlHbxEyuDJTTuHT7bnCHV_ZLzSwbosNtpTX62fEVIis7MAbu3p40t3s1SiPhs/s1600/Pismo+beach+seawall+runup+Central+Coast+Pictures.jpg" height="424" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Waves inundate the beach at Pismo Beach (Source: <a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Central-Coast-Pictures/275725406045" target="_blank">Central Coast Pictures</a>)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Santa Barbara</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">Santa Barbara County had some of the most dramatic stories come out of the storm event. According to the Santa Barbara harbor patrol, they experienced high tides in excess of 6 ft and waves up to 12 ft. Elsewhere, waves averaged 10-15 ft with crests up to 18 ft. At the Moby Dick restaurant on Stearns Wharf, a wave crashed through the window during breakfast:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">Waves also inundated the beach surrounding the Santa Barbara Yacht Club and flooded the back beach area, depositing sand around the Yacht Club building and causing general chaos in the parking lot.</span></span></div>
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At Goleta Beach, waves crashed through the Beachside Bar and Cafe. A restaurant manager was washed out into the ocean and dislocated his shoulder (but made it back to shore!). The restaurant was flooded with seawater and the outdoor patio area was damaged. The Goleta Pier was pounded by waves and some planks were displaced. Three boats broke loose and washed ashore on the beach. The beach area was evacuated for safety reasons. News videos and photos of the storm damage suggested that water and sand washed into the parking lot.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6FI1rIuWFFyEKi3PB2os5gLm_SKkvmMx1RUlwrWGUV4zuqNTsvs1UTBI-P5p7tcL9SX3SFrz75sI8H9kTjneGUqxOorScwc_fLpo4k0TPxx5ag9q6sKb4RxXO1nbsX_Asl0N6ufkbcAvX/s1600/Goleta+sailboat+-+Mike+Eliason.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6FI1rIuWFFyEKi3PB2os5gLm_SKkvmMx1RUlwrWGUV4zuqNTsvs1UTBI-P5p7tcL9SX3SFrz75sI8H9kTjneGUqxOorScwc_fLpo4k0TPxx5ag9q6sKb4RxXO1nbsX_Asl0N6ufkbcAvX/s1600/Goleta+sailboat+-+Mike+Eliason.jpg" height="416" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">At Goleta Beach, this sailboat washed ashore. (Source: Mike Eliason)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8gbnfUt2WjGg796R4KWliwMgo397Q015-h_2qotoKZ1myAOSEcU4BH7LjzZiA5kKwlIOQGFMWYJEcpvYUy1NcD2ETPOMuAa54daQ9WnE8Pb-jNM24fDTXUZjFhuz4JPDn9BB0r-Ar9-er/s1600/goleta-beach-05-030114+Martin+Uhler+keyt.com.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8gbnfUt2WjGg796R4KWliwMgo397Q015-h_2qotoKZ1myAOSEcU4BH7LjzZiA5kKwlIOQGFMWYJEcpvYUy1NcD2ETPOMuAa54daQ9WnE8Pb-jNM24fDTXUZjFhuz4JPDn9BB0r-Ar9-er/s1600/goleta-beach-05-030114+Martin+Uhler+keyt.com.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">At Goleta Beach, waves washed up over the beach and into the lawn area. (Source: Martin Uhler; <a href="http://keyt.com/">keyt.com</a>)</td></tr>
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At Gaviota State Beach, a 50-ft section of the pier was destroyed sometime before 830am on March 1. Waves were reported to be breaking over the top of the pier. Wave runup was reported to surge up the beach and into the parking lot and restrooms. On the beach, sand was eroded and exposed cobbles.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi26zfp-hWghbL82eJ_QjNLRyappunoFuzeDOS1sfYj5sod3WJFsmcHuJgIwsOSsdwjCaYdv-gOKh29cE9acP1BrFOvpScxtkILa9_aI4aMFlJxVcZQkFDnnNB-GIjRl4uLeHlYwhnwRew8/s1600/580-gaviota_pier3+Al+Fimlaid+StandUp+Paddle+Sports+noozhawk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi26zfp-hWghbL82eJ_QjNLRyappunoFuzeDOS1sfYj5sod3WJFsmcHuJgIwsOSsdwjCaYdv-gOKh29cE9acP1BrFOvpScxtkILa9_aI4aMFlJxVcZQkFDnnNB-GIjRl4uLeHlYwhnwRew8/s1600/580-gaviota_pier3+Al+Fimlaid+StandUp+Paddle+Sports+noozhawk.jpg" height="400" width="299" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The end of the Gaviota Pier was destroyed during the storm (Source: Al Fimlaid; <a href="https://www.facebook.com/SUPsports" target="_blank">StandUp Paddle Sports</a>) </td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha1F4jjNR2KwohcbMuTOSF0tqIXJl4DbT24GVxwVbZ4KL4sQ3NxR9Hq2vpeL7Ws6690vkKUh0NoEDWzYEIsVDuj3BltyrGEmdZ6eLxwXTVFxm9VktOjz4ZArgLQL7IENyVcNv265PwN1Bo/s1600/gaviota+pier+Al+Fimlaid+StandUp+Paddle+Sports+parking+lot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha1F4jjNR2KwohcbMuTOSF0tqIXJl4DbT24GVxwVbZ4KL4sQ3NxR9Hq2vpeL7Ws6690vkKUh0NoEDWzYEIsVDuj3BltyrGEmdZ6eLxwXTVFxm9VktOjz4ZArgLQL7IENyVcNv265PwN1Bo/s1600/gaviota+pier+Al+Fimlaid+StandUp+Paddle+Sports+parking+lot.jpg" height="298" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Waves washed up and over the beach and into the parking lot at Gaviota State Park. (Source: Al Fimlaid; <a href="https://www.facebook.com/SUPsports" target="_blank">StandUp Paddle Sports</a>) </td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ventura</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">There were not too many reports of damage along the Ventura County shoreline. Some very large waves were documented at the Ventura Pier:</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoUiYkn5ANywNvqPIFWk9kh5O80LcfGBdqmM2WnYFoXFKjf2RjGxvmBURwxoHPUWJ37vbmGVxWYoltlc6fdb2OMPSZbJVuwUAd2MBCOEl1zkkECC9pwS5ZH1F098mFcwa5WBS69CqTPSwn/s1600/Ventura+Pier+-+surferspointventura+instagram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoUiYkn5ANywNvqPIFWk9kh5O80LcfGBdqmM2WnYFoXFKjf2RjGxvmBURwxoHPUWJ37vbmGVxWYoltlc6fdb2OMPSZbJVuwUAd2MBCOEl1zkkECC9pwS5ZH1F098mFcwa5WBS69CqTPSwn/s1600/Ventura+Pier+-+surferspointventura+instagram.jpg" height="400" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Source: Instagram (<a href="http://instagram.com/surferspointventura" target="_blank">surferspointventura</a>)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">At the Point Mugu Naval Base, sand washed up and over an access roadway along Family Beach, inundating approximately 300 feet of the road along the Mugu Lagoon west spit and depositing approximately 6 inches of sand in some places.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4a0jK1b3IjM4ZPuCqzJFzylqMyMUtMtOIA2L6orIa_Wn8kihny7fSz-IcxRwMZDcLXZuATsa08acuuOSCIX_HasvU-HI1Ck5X0C8yf6Swihv9u8bP8MAruTkFNVNieG8fEbTwDr2Pvfgu/s1600/2014-03-04MuguFamBch2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4a0jK1b3IjM4ZPuCqzJFzylqMyMUtMtOIA2L6orIa_Wn8kihny7fSz-IcxRwMZDcLXZuATsa08acuuOSCIX_HasvU-HI1Ck5X0C8yf6Swihv9u8bP8MAruTkFNVNieG8fEbTwDr2Pvfgu/s1600/2014-03-04MuguFamBch2.jpg" height="480" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Access road along Family Beach, Point Mugu. Source: Roberto Garcia (NAVAIR)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Orange</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">There
were not too many reports of damage along the Orange County shoreline. At Newport Beach, a predicted tide of 6.25 ft reached 7 ft. Trucks were brought in to pump the storm drain system to keep the streets from flooding.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">An oil platform offshore of Huntington Beach experienced some large waves but there were no reports of storm damage.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAOPIbZxk3DOyv6mg3JjMR3jR7HwGMbM3Sz8Trp2mhWMYxAUYV-P5wYkIRxC8YlW9J35NOy3LqqnORcAO3i_Z47qEIObCXPXPldLilwClufBaSphZho0k4VaBxSIxv2rfm1wgd6pIywIT_/s1600/Huntington+Beach+oil+platform+-+Michael+Latham.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAOPIbZxk3DOyv6mg3JjMR3jR7HwGMbM3Sz8Trp2mhWMYxAUYV-P5wYkIRxC8YlW9J35NOy3LqqnORcAO3i_Z47qEIObCXPXPldLilwClufBaSphZho0k4VaBxSIxv2rfm1wgd6pIywIT_/s1600/Huntington+Beach+oil+platform+-+Michael+Latham.jpg" height="425" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Huntington Beach Oil Platform (Source: Michael Latham)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Los Angeles</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">There was a fair amount of news out of Los Angeles in response to the storm. Large waves on the order of 8-12 ft were observed at Zuma Beach. Waves pushed past the concrete barriers along the back beach and into Parking Lot #4. Life guard towers had to be pulled back and the beach eroded 30-50 yards. In Malibu, at least one balcony stairwell was destroyed at a condo unit.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">In Playa del Rey, a 200 ft bikepath was covered in a few inches of sand and debris and beach erosion was observed. The bikepath was also covered near Dockweiler State Beach.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXIAhEZVsq0eV2BqK0oClwncH9U8yK-yu4cJufWK9GTmBCUJ-gslfMsH2O5qcQhOcmkdoHvrId-1hpUrSLdxjoa_4cbvNr27T8hFtS1UMivOXtf5YF6YL84fU8LXgB-GN_-mkuZ4AmQdNi/s1600/Playa+del+Rey+beach+erosion+-+Brad+Graverson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXIAhEZVsq0eV2BqK0oClwncH9U8yK-yu4cJufWK9GTmBCUJ-gslfMsH2O5qcQhOcmkdoHvrId-1hpUrSLdxjoa_4cbvNr27T8hFtS1UMivOXtf5YF6YL84fU8LXgB-GN_-mkuZ4AmQdNi/s1600/Playa+del+Rey+beach+erosion+-+Brad+Graverson.jpg" height="416" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Beach erosion at Playa del Rey (Source: Brad Graverson)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">At Redondo Beach, the King Harbor Yacht Club was closed and harbor operations were interrupted on March 1. Waves on the order of 20-25 ft were reported to be hitting the breakwater. Overtopping waves created a surge in the harbor and ripped cleats off the docks and broke mooring lines. Several boats were moved to prevent breaking free from the docks. Waves washed over the wall into the parking lot. Damage was less than the January 1988 storm due to improvements to the breakwater following that storm event. </span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCiRz40fxTJIF-P01YHVOfkYURdt85xZYF5c8UntBsPrHsIGVEizDPsmGCjPlDy8JYEC4i77OSmF4bp2e5ulwqZQQZKeCc2qAJAKdiGQjho3OqlxCUYeq91Vx9sKF5cuENJuhbaPYobnr1/s1600/King+Harbor+-+Brozaphoto.com.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCiRz40fxTJIF-P01YHVOfkYURdt85xZYF5c8UntBsPrHsIGVEizDPsmGCjPlDy8JYEC4i77OSmF4bp2e5ulwqZQQZKeCc2qAJAKdiGQjho3OqlxCUYeq91Vx9sKF5cuENJuhbaPYobnr1/s1600/King+Harbor+-+Brozaphoto.com.png" height="456" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Waves breaking over the King Harbor Breakwater in Redondo Beach (Source: <a href="http://www.brozaphoto.com/" target="_blank">http://www.brozaphoto.com/</a>)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">Surfers at Redondo Beach reported the swell to be the biggest in 31 years.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">At Cabrillo Beach in San Pedro, waves rushed over the breakwater, causing significant beach erosion and sand overwash into the parking lot. In Long Beach, high surf breached a sand berm along East Ocean Blvd. Water caused minor damages in the garages and lower levels of about 20 homes between 66th and 72nd place near Alamitos Bay.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9sPZc1eqzfxgSmYModRAeM3oIAZb3c0XnxWVOG6ZxNG87jbN50DZHo-Ae2HqAppDTeQld7EDCeIGD-GWNeB6ZsaBT90idTFD9bAbm9NWsT35J0ic1plyxbi5zr78PF4BTS7YQxLwGLv3L/s1600/Cabrillo+Beach+01Mar2014+Michael+Justice.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9sPZc1eqzfxgSmYModRAeM3oIAZb3c0XnxWVOG6ZxNG87jbN50DZHo-Ae2HqAppDTeQld7EDCeIGD-GWNeB6ZsaBT90idTFD9bAbm9NWsT35J0ic1plyxbi5zr78PF4BTS7YQxLwGLv3L/s1600/Cabrillo+Beach+01Mar2014+Michael+Justice.jpg" height="426" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Waves impacting the San Pedro breakwater at the Port of Los Angeles (Source: <a href="http://www.michaeljusticephoto.com/" target="_blank">http://www.michaeljusticephoto.com/</a>)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">San Diego</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">San Diego County also experience some flooding from the storm. At Imperial Beach, waves were 8-12 ft and sand and waves washed approximately 80 ft inland at the end of Palm Ave to the Spirit of Imperial Beach statue. Water flooded a condo garage on the north side of Cortez Street and waves were breaking offshore of the pier.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2WdQ3Xu0ANV6cD3sC1GStINSqU1qB48KpCEIf3MgAfwF-kkxSMxGkKwX6spMh5s-jsDGxbDYWhq2pPIDE2c6xkNaYbLw-ykd_f5UPykNMuUEW1OvOtd071r2oPke-45R0lUVKN1YsSshJ/s1600/IB+-+end+of+palm+ave+Mar2+930am+-+Serge+Dedina.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2WdQ3Xu0ANV6cD3sC1GStINSqU1qB48KpCEIf3MgAfwF-kkxSMxGkKwX6spMh5s-jsDGxbDYWhq2pPIDE2c6xkNaYbLw-ykd_f5UPykNMuUEW1OvOtd071r2oPke-45R0lUVKN1YsSshJ/s1600/IB+-+end+of+palm+ave+Mar2+930am+-+Serge+Dedina.jpg" height="426" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Flooding and sand deposited at the end of Palm Avenue in Imperial Beach (Source: Serge Dedina)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGqJHgdVhu2WjBmp7D9RrvMXGhDmkTPZ166fD0IuLcW8ux9dqhWEhFiirX6xhqxmKMS70HkV2o5Rwj1CQSryLf5AreHSO4RbgwjwK0FGt7b0IA3-agDiqwk8PGCx-Ht4C4Pu5D-K9XJh06/s1600/IB+-+north+of+south+jetty+looking+north+Mar2+630am+-+Serge+Dedina.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGqJHgdVhu2WjBmp7D9RrvMXGhDmkTPZ166fD0IuLcW8ux9dqhWEhFiirX6xhqxmKMS70HkV2o5Rwj1CQSryLf5AreHSO4RbgwjwK0FGt7b0IA3-agDiqwk8PGCx-Ht4C4Pu5D-K9XJh06/s1600/IB+-+north+of+south+jetty+looking+north+Mar2+630am+-+Serge+Dedina.jpg" height="426" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Evidence of wave overwash of the sand berm just north of the south jetty at 642 Ocean Lane apartments in Imperial Beach (Source: Serge Dedina)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">In Coronado, city crews did not recall such high surf and tides in many years. Beach berms and sand stockpiles were reported to be successful in stemming the high tides. Much of the sand on the beach eroded though and sand berms needed to be replenished and rebuilt, particularly along South Beach.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">If you have any photos or stories from the storm please let me know. I would love to include them in this post!</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
Justin Vandeverhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08677455267312712386noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4246436115275908122.post-91625008310955992852014-02-02T23:00:00.001-08:002014-02-03T13:13:38.045-08:00To the edge of the Pacific Plate at Tomales PointAfter seven years in the Bay Area, Allison and I finally made the trip out to Tomales Point, the long sliver of land separating Tomales Bay and the Pacific Ocean. What makes this location particularly unique is that it represents the tectonic boundary between the North American Plate (on the east side of Tomales Bay) and the Pacific Plate (on the west side of Tomales Bay). This chunk of land has moved northward approximately 90 miles over the last 50 to 60 million years, although its origins trace back even further to the Tehachapi Mountains in southern California.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tomales Point is the northernmost point in Point Reyes National Seashore (photo source: <a href="http://californiacoastline.org/" target="_blank">California Coastal Records Project</a>). The trail takes you all the way to the edge of the Point.</td></tr>
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The hike starts at the end of Pierce Point Road at the Tomales Point Trailhead and continues approximately 4.5 miles out to the northern end of the point. The peninsula is flanked by water on three sides.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUeKr3Awf_E4XgVLKH-gF30Mr8gb0CHsNAygYO7RfP3sGZlzT0jqpuPbT86ZI1Cx5awGINZhz5V5vsz-B0qA-fZ7AQ866aUEKfQH7mPpucR8S8GDWHvEUGKFAujICrmgVEPR5OxfvsMBox/s1600/DSC_2063.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUeKr3Awf_E4XgVLKH-gF30Mr8gb0CHsNAygYO7RfP3sGZlzT0jqpuPbT86ZI1Cx5awGINZhz5V5vsz-B0qA-fZ7AQ866aUEKfQH7mPpucR8S8GDWHvEUGKFAujICrmgVEPR5OxfvsMBox/s1600/DSC_2063.JPG" height="428" width="640" /></a></div>
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According to the National Park Service website, the Pierce Point Ranch was established in 1858 and was one of the most successful dairies of its time. The trail winds around the old ranch site before setting out for the ridge.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The old milking barn at Pierce Point Ranch.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The old milking barn at Pierce Point Ranch. Cows with a view!</td></tr>
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We arrived around 1pm on a Saturday and the parking area was quite full. We encountered quite a few hikers on their return trip, but saw fewer and fewer as the day went on. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjNV29zSYG_JKh4P9GbILkUaRsQmrXMKPrBj9zyZkaantPt0Y4oR58nMFgvUvb49JFBxEM1ajq18bT6XXWYaqMdLh73cxh0TrrJh2KQtOJy_M9r9jZ7v1AXYUFL9eS9LxkLE_H2hdiu4Sq/s1600/DSC_2069.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjNV29zSYG_JKh4P9GbILkUaRsQmrXMKPrBj9zyZkaantPt0Y4oR58nMFgvUvb49JFBxEM1ajq18bT6XXWYaqMdLh73cxh0TrrJh2KQtOJy_M9r9jZ7v1AXYUFL9eS9LxkLE_H2hdiu4Sq/s1600/DSC_2069.JPG" height="640" width="428" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">And we're off! The Tomales Point Trailhead.</td></tr>
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A short distance along the trail we were greeted by sweeping views of the rocky cliffs on the Pacific side of the point.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The rocky cliffs of Tomales Point, with Bodega Head in the background.</td></tr>
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On the other side of the peninsula, Tomales Bay was a little harder to see because the trail doesn't follow the high point of the ridge, but we were able to catch a few views to the east, including glimpses of Hog Island out in the middle of the bay.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">View across Tomales Bay with Hog Island in the middle</td></tr>
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For such a long hike, the trip was relatively moderate as the trail follows the flat plateau of the point. There are a few sections of up and down but overall nothing too steep.<br />
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After a couple miles we caught our first glimpse of the Tule Elk known to inhabit the area. I used my telephoto lens to snap a few pictures from afar. Little did we know, the elk would soon appear immediately adjacent to the trail, a little too close for comfort!<br />
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By the 1870s, the Tule Elk were all but extinct in California, supposedly reduced to a single breeding pair. Today, their population numbers in the thousands. These guys were trying to hide but we still managed to spot them somehow...<br />
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Some of the elk seemed to be quite nervous around us, while others paid no attention. The grass was so dry from the drought, I'm not sure what was left for these guys to eat!<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tule elk grazing with Tomales Bay in the background.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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We continued out towards the point. The trail deteriorates a little bit and turns into a relatively easy to follow sandy path for the last half mile. This section of the hike was very exposed to the wind due to its northwest orientation. <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">View looking out to the end of Tomales Point, with Bodega Head in the distance.</td></tr>
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<br />
At the end of the trail you can scramble down a little bit to the very edge of the cliff. To the north across Bodega Bay is Bodega Harbor, which is visible as a depression in the horizon caused by the San Andreas Fault. The bedrock outcrop at the base of the point appeared to be more erosion-resistant granitic rock with more erodible sandstone making up the upper receding portion of the bluff. <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The edge of Tomales Point, with Bodega Head visible in the distance.</td></tr>
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After a quick break for snacks we packed it up and headed back up the ridge. By this time, we were two of only a handful of folks still left on the trail. The elk seized upon the opportunity to take over the trail and blocked our path out! <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Attempting to bypass the elk by traveling cross country just west of the main trail.</td></tr>
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We skirted around to the side of the elk and made it about 100 yards before they spooked and headed off down the ridge.<br />
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On our hike back we were treated to a stunning sunset view down the coast towards Point Reyes.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtUpkH6YG20T80EKWVRNftFG1k4XpPPGDgNXidWhO-skwoyN2KLAALJJTJGnHlgwr3utgOp0K7uCXPAyOEY9kfHkJAUoiutRoSP8lFhfeH3UdkSChmGzJpLpJoVyInW02uRP31F_lD-GAu/s1600/DSC_2118.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtUpkH6YG20T80EKWVRNftFG1k4XpPPGDgNXidWhO-skwoyN2KLAALJJTJGnHlgwr3utgOp0K7uCXPAyOEY9kfHkJAUoiutRoSP8lFhfeH3UdkSChmGzJpLpJoVyInW02uRP31F_lD-GAu/s1600/DSC_2118.JPG" height="428" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">View of McClure's Beach from the Tomales Point trail on the return trip, with the Point Reyes beaches in the background.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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We made it back to the car at dusk and explored the Pierce Point Ranch for a few minutes before packing up. Another successful day trip to the Point Reyes National Seashore. Tomales Point? Check!<br />
<br />Justin Vandeverhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08677455267312712386noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4246436115275908122.post-52242157280637220472013-11-30T12:09:00.002-08:002013-11-30T13:01:17.209-08:00What is your flood risk tolerance?I recently read an article in the December 2013 issue of <i>Money </i>magazine titled "After the Flood", which chronicled the financial difficulties of a Staten Island couple in the wake of Hurricane Sandy. Sandy made landfall on October 29, 2012 and when it was all said and done, caused $70 billion in damages across 24 states. The couple stayed put during the storm, which inundated their house up to the second floor and floated their cars several blocks down the street. Their home value decreased from $303,000 to $204,000 post-Sandy (likely due to flood damage and higher cost to insure) and they still owe $275,000 on their mortgage - putting them literally and figuratively underwater. Even worse for the couple (but perhaps better in the long term), new post-Sandy FEMA building standards will require the couple to elevate their home by 10 feet to place it above the new flood elevation - a very costly proposition which they cannot afford. These are the costs and risks of living in flood prone areas.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFYZTucfLTmt8y1x2MhnP4xaOFDvxHqAPiM6Hrn79jxWh4m73jV8xgQvo6bNtEwRllHfm6nQNfhukmwgC_Ah2t_P5Y2__Q09kB3bBPu-c_gviLKUIjwB29bl1k2r5un5y59911OUU3uwxv/s1600/chart.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="465" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFYZTucfLTmt8y1x2MhnP4xaOFDvxHqAPiM6Hrn79jxWh4m73jV8xgQvo6bNtEwRllHfm6nQNfhukmwgC_Ah2t_P5Y2__Q09kB3bBPu-c_gviLKUIjwB29bl1k2r5un5y59911OUU3uwxv/s640/chart.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Predicted and observed tide levels at the Battery, NY during Hurricane Sandy. October 29, 2012 was the highest ever recorded tide at this location due to coincidence of high tide and peak storm surge.</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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The <i>Money </i>article provides more details on the financial struggles of the couple and the steps they are taking to get their lives back on track. The article got me thinking about our attitudes towards risk and the value we place on home ownership, even if we do live in disaster-prone, yet desirable, areas. This was highlighted the most clearly by the very last paragraph of the article, which noted:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Still, they're eager to move on and to finally be able to put Hurricane Sandy behind them. Says Motherway (the wife): "<u>You just hope it's the kind of storm that happens only once every 100 years.</u>"</i></blockquote>
As an engineer, I consider flood risk from a statistical perspective and not one based on wishful thinking - if you live in a flood zone, you are playing the odds and betting that either: (1) you will not encounter a storm severe enough to flood you, (2) you have adequate insurance to cover your losses, or (3) the state and/or federal government will come to your aid in the event of a natural disaster. For example, if you live in a low-lying area behind a levee that provides 100-year flood protection, you are presumably protected from all less severe flood events (e.g., 10-year, 50-year, etc); however, for any storm more severe than a 100-year event, you will be flooded. That is a level of risk that many Americans live with every day. The problem with the terminology "the 100-year flood", as illustrated by the Staten Island couple's statement, is that it implies such a storm will occur only once every 100 years. More accurately stated, the 100-year flood is an event that has a 1% chance of occurrence in any individual year (the "1% annual chance" terminology is preferred by risk analysts). Over a very long period of time, this severity of storm will indeed occur, <i>on average</i>, once every 100 years, but over the short term it could occur more or less frequently. For example, during El Ninos in California, we can have back-to-back severe weather events (e.g., rain, water level, and wave) during a single winter storm season, separated by years of calmer conditions.<br />
<br />
Using a statistical concept known as "encounter probability", we can estimate the likelihood of experiencing a storm of a particular severity over a specified time frame. For example, the commonly quoted statistic that the San Francisco Bay area has a 63% chance of experiencing a 6.7 magnitude earthquake or greater over the next 30 years is a type of encounter probability analysis. In terms of flooding, there is about a 25% chance that a homeowner will experience 100-year flooding or greater over the lifespan of a standard 30-year mortgage. Now, I don't know about you, but that seems like a pretty high likelihood to me! It's actually a bit frightening to think that our nation's flood protection infrastructure in any one location generally has a 25% chance of being overwhelmed by flood waters over such a short length of time. Using the concept of encounter probability, I produced a set of curves (shown below), which illustrates the likelihood of experiencing a storm of a given severity over a specified length of time. By selecting a storm severity curve and project lifespan, the likelihood of flooding (encounter probability) can be determined. For example, using the green curve below, there is an 80% chance of experiencing a 25-year flood or greater over a 40 year time span.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDgQkBf_Ni3EnwyAx7auKEka41qTbpgDj4lH8LIA_dVOMvJFvhxtPpktm_rlrkFRBVkr0oDIFdwaQDF7iS4hYghoIezXxv-qPq2h6cebxM_PDPr5CN8V-y6GLjfZbwuctd1ZP37J-PO7rx/s1600/Encounter+Probability.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDgQkBf_Ni3EnwyAx7auKEka41qTbpgDj4lH8LIA_dVOMvJFvhxtPpktm_rlrkFRBVkr0oDIFdwaQDF7iS4hYghoIezXxv-qPq2h6cebxM_PDPr5CN8V-y6GLjfZbwuctd1ZP37J-PO7rx/s640/Encounter+Probability.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Encounter probability of an extreme storm event over a given duration.</b></td></tr>
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FEMA's National Flood Insurance Program uses the 100-year floodplain as the
standard to assess whether or not a homeowner is required to purchase
flood insurance. Most mortgage companies require borrowers to purchase flood insurance to protect their loans until homeowners pay off their mortgages (after that, insurance is recommended, but not required). I calculated the encounter probabilities for storms of different severity over a standard 30-year mortgage period and a 75-year lifetime of a typical American (see table below). As you can see, the chances of experiencing a moderate to strong storm (say, 25 to 50-year event) over these time periods are quite high. For reference, I also estimated the encounter probability for two recent extreme storms - Hurricanes Katrina (300 to 400-year event) and Sandy (1,000 to 1,500-year event). Estimates of the exact frequency of these types of storms are uncertain given our relatively short period of record, which is why I show a range of likelihood. Based on these estimates, it seems fair to say that Hurricane Sandy was a "once in a lifetime" storm, whereas Hurricane Katrina, while rare, has a reasonable chance of recurrence (approximately 20%) during our lifetimes (especially considering the effects of climate change, which could increase sea levels and storm frequency and intensity - but that's another topic!).<br />
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Likelihood of flooding (encounter probability) for different storm severities over a 30-yr mortgage period and 75-yr lifetime:<br />
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<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.55pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 528px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 30.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Return Period <br />
(yrs)</span></b></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="bottom" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">30-yr Mortgage</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Encounter Probability</span></b></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">75-yr Lifetime</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Encounter Probability</span></b></div>
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<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">5</span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="bottom" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">100%</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="bottom" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">100%</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">10</span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="bottom" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">95%</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="bottom" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">100%</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">25</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">70%</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="bottom" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">95%</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">50</span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="bottom" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">45%</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="bottom" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">78%</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">100</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">26%</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">53%</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">200</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">14%</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">31%</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Katrina</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7-10%</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">17-22%</span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="bottom" width="144"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sandy</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2-3%</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">5-7%</span></div>
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<br />
I polled my girlfriend, Allison, and her sister, Tina, to see what level of risk they would take on assuming a 30 year habitation in their home. Tina indicated she would assume a 20% risk of flooding (comparable to FEMA's acceptable risk level) and Allison would accept a 10% risk (on the order of a Katrina-type storm). I plotted those points on the figure below (blue and red triangles) and they roughly translate to the 125 and 300-year flood events, respectively. Personally, I would tolerate a much lower risk of flooding, probably more along the lines of 5% (a 600-year flood event). This indicates that all three of us would not feel comfortable owning property within FEMA's 100-year floodplain.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0JBtxjyoTt4KlenUs4GJi6ISUE6ycpy1y8zVQ4Uah-cHRxBjMVqPk5lLTbHzVLOLB8m9sB-PFgMIs6jDgiolV8SdH3pMgHNAHKrd_R0V4PFN3o9HIxkyvoB3MZSqcORu4VWlg0XOSI6n4/s1600/Encounter+Probability+your+risk.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0JBtxjyoTt4KlenUs4GJi6ISUE6ycpy1y8zVQ4Uah-cHRxBjMVqPk5lLTbHzVLOLB8m9sB-PFgMIs6jDgiolV8SdH3pMgHNAHKrd_R0V4PFN3o9HIxkyvoB3MZSqcORu4VWlg0XOSI6n4/s640/Encounter+Probability+your+risk.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Personal risk tolerance relative to likelihood of flooding during a 30-year mortgage period.</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
So what is your risk tolerance? If you purchased a home in a river or
coastal flood prone area, what likelihood of flooding would you accept? It's not a simple question - what other factors would you consider?<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">References:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Money Magazine</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">http://money.cnn.com/video/pf/2013/10/28/pf-superstorm-sandy-staten-island-home.moneymag/</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Climate Central</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">http://www.climatecentral.org/news/sea-level-rise-has-already-doubled-risk-of-sandy-level-flooding-in-nyc-16434</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Significance Magazine</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">http://www.significancemagazine.org/details/webexclusive/3004001/Hurricane-Sandy-a-look-back.html</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The Lens</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">http://thelensnola.org/2013/11/05/armoring-overtopped-levees-against-erosion-and-collapse-will-grass-cut-it/ </span>Justin Vandeverhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08677455267312712386noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4246436115275908122.post-15623565028602417812013-10-08T17:41:00.001-07:002013-10-08T17:41:57.969-07:00Coastal Flood Processes Along the California Coast<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]-->As the Atlantic hurricane season draws to a close and the Pacific storm season picks up, I thought it would be interesting to consider the differences in coastal flood processes between these two coastlines and remind us what's on the way this winter. The post below is based on an article I prepared as part of FEMA's coastal flood mapping along the California coast, currently underway. That article can be found <a href="http://www.r9map.org/Pages/EbulletinStory.aspx?storyID=54" target="_blank">here</a>, but this one has pictures!<br />
<br />
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Recent media coverage of catastrophic coastal flood events,
such as Hurricanes Katrina (2005) and Sandy (2012), has increased the public’s
awareness of coastal flood vulnerabilities along the nation’s shorelines. These
large storm systems, with their powerful winds and overwhelming storm surge and
rainfall, can devastate coastal communities. Due to these recent events, the
public has seen firsthand the damage wrought by large tropical storm systems
along the Gulf and Atlantic coastlines. But what about coastal storms in California? Coastal storm systems and
impacts along the California coast differ significantly from the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts due to the
characteristics of the Pacific Ocean basin, storm types, and steep coastal
topography. </div>
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<br /></div>
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As we know, hurricanes are a relatively common occurrence along the Atlantic and Gulf shorelines. In contrast, the likelihood for a hurricane to make direct landfall along
the California coast is very remote, although offshore tropical storms can
affect coastal communities through wind, rain, and remote swell impacts. <b>Due to
the oceanographic conditions in the northeast Pacific Ocean and the narrow
continental shelf, it is not possible to generate the large storm surges seen
in the warmer and shallower Gulf and Atlantic waters.</b> Instead, coastal flooding
along the California coast is typically a result of the combination of high
tides, modest storm surge, and moderate to high wave energy. Unlike the Gulf
and Atlantic coasts, where storm surge in excess of 20 feet is possible, storm
surge along the California coast rarely reaches 3 feet and is typically on the
order of 1-2 feet during winter storm events. Instead, wave effects, such as wave
setup and runup, typically dominate flood levels at the shoreline. The majority
of coastal flood events in California occur during the late fall through early
spring and are the result of extratropical storm systems that originate offshore
in the northeast Pacific Ocean. During El Niño winters, tides are further elevated
along the coastline and storms follow a more southerly track, exposing the
California coast to abnormally high tides, wave-induced flooding, and coastal erosion.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
The summary below explains various types of coastal flood
processes along the California coast that are typically responsible for flood
impacts, ranging from King Tides to extratropical storms to tsunamis:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">King Tide </b>–
Abnormally high, but predictable, astronomical tides that occur approximately
twice per year, typically during the winter months. King Tides are the highest
tides that occur each year and typically exceed 7 feet (relative to mean lower
low water). Coastal flood impacts include nuisance flooding and inundation of
low-lying roads and paths. High tides can exacerbate coastal and riverine
flooding, especially in inland bay areas such as San Francisco and Newport Bays.</div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi83Ro2I4EH9SaAeZpdO5plbuXbLCd8IinBwXnCekgI04gOMTjRPPbpH24Dw9OlPlybNhk3Fu4lAiLG2Ly6sLXxGLY_xlnLXICUQhDrInNDFB4UFErEkPgHYN-Axq5FR11kCc_hKJKWBtZ8/s1600/DSC_5456.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi83Ro2I4EH9SaAeZpdO5plbuXbLCd8IinBwXnCekgI04gOMTjRPPbpH24Dw9OlPlybNhk3Fu4lAiLG2Ly6sLXxGLY_xlnLXICUQhDrInNDFB4UFErEkPgHYN-Axq5FR11kCc_hKJKWBtZ8/s640/DSC_5456.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A 7 ft King Tide at San Francisco's Embarcadero (January 21, 2012). During the 1983 El Nino, the water level was 1.5 ft higher.</td></tr>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Extreme High Tide</b>
– When Pacific Ocean storms coincide with high astronomical tides, storm surge
due to meteorological effects can further elevate water levels along the coast
to produce extreme tides. El Niño conditions along the coast can also
contribute to storm surge and produce extraordinarily high water levels (for
example, January 1983 and February 1998). Extreme high tides can exceed 7.5 to 8.5
feet in southern and central California and 10 feet in northern California.
Impacts include severe inundation of inland bay shorelines, intensification of
upstream riverine flooding, and inhibited drainage from stormwater outfalls in
tidally influenced areas.<br />
<br />
The table below shows the typical tide range and highest observed tide at various points along the California coastline*. As you can see, the tide range increases from south to north. Additionally, the magnitude and frequency of storm surge events increases as well. These factors combine to produce more extreme tides in the north than the south.<br />
<br /></div>
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<td align="left" class="xl66" height="40" style="height: 30.0pt; width: 174pt;" width="232"><b>Station</b></td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-left: medium none; text-align: center; width: 62pt;" width="82"><b>Daily Tide Range (ft)</b></td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-left: medium none; text-align: center; width: 95pt;" width="126"><b>Highest
<br />Observed
(ft)</b></td>
</tr>
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<td align="left" class="xl67" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Port
Orford, OR</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">7.3</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">11.5</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="left" class="xl67" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Crescent
City, CA</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">6.9</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">10.7</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="left" class="xl67" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">North
Spit, Humboldt Bay, CA</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">6.9</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">9.7</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="left" class="xl67" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Arena
Cove, CA</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">5.9</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">8.6</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="left" class="xl67" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Point
Reyes, CA</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">5.8</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">8.5</td>
</tr>
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<td align="left" class="xl67" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">San
Francisco, CA</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">5.8</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">8.7</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="left" class="xl67" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Ocean
Beach, San Francisco, CA</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">5.9</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">8.7</td>
</tr>
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<td align="left" class="xl67" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Princeton,
Half Moon Bay, CA</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">5.7</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">8.5</td>
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<td align="left" class="xl67" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Ano
Nuevo Island, CA</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">5.4</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">8.3</td>
</tr>
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<td align="left" class="xl67" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Monterey,
CA</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">5.3</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">7.9</td>
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<td align="left" class="xl67" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Port
San Luis, CA</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">5.3</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">7.7</td>
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<td align="left" class="xl67" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Santa
Barbara,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CA</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">5.4</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">7.4</td>
</tr>
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<td align="left" class="xl67" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Rincon
Island, CA</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">5.5</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">7.8</td>
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<td align="left" class="xl67" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Santa
Monica, CA</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">5.4</td>
<td class="xl69" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">8.5</td>
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<td align="left" class="xl67" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">Los
Angeles, CA</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">5.5</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">7.9</td>
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<td align="left" class="xl67" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">La
Jolla, CA</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">5.3</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">7.7</td>
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<td align="left" class="xl67" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">San
Diego, CA</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">5.7</td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-left: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: center;">8.1</td>
</tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">*All tide heights reported relative to the MLLW tidal datum.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><br />
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Wind Wave Event</b> –
Pacific Ocean storms or strong thermal gradients can produce strong winds that
blow across sheltered water bodies and inland bays (for example, San Francisco
Bay, Tomales Bay, etc.). When the wind blows over long reaches of open water,
large waves can be generated that impact the shoreline and cause damage to
coastal structures such as levees, docks and piers, wharfs, and revetments. Locally
generated wind waves in the southern California bight can also cause flood and
erosion issues along the open coast shoreline.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Locally generated wind waves at Point Pinole in San Francisco Bay</td></tr>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pacific Winter Storm</b>
– During the winter, storm systems from the Aleutian Islands, Hawaii
(“Pineapple Express”), and other parts of the North Pacific impact the
California coastline. Storms generally approach from the west or northwest,
although “southeaster” events can also occur in southern California. These low
pressure systems generate large waves and elevated tide levels along the coast.
Impacts include beach and bluff erosion and damage to homes and coastal
structures.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Winter storm waves batter the Pacifica shoreline (January 2011)</td></tr>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">El Niño Winter Storm</b>
– During El Niño winters, atmospheric and oceanographic conditions in the
Pacific Ocean produce severe extratropical winter storms that impact the
California coast. Storms follow a more southerly track and bring intense
rainfall and storm conditions. Rainfall and elevated tide levels persist
through the winter and often coincide to produce upstream riverine flooding.
Impacts are widespread but sheltered south facing beaches are particularly
vulnerable. The El Nino cycle oscillates on approximately a 5-7 year timelime. El Ninos correspond to warmer than normal surface ocean temperatures and La Ninas correspond to cooler than normal surface ocean temperatures in the equatorial Pacific. The Oceanic Nino Index quantifies the strength of the El Nino/La Nina based on the magnitude of this temperature anomaly. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The El Nino-Southern Oscillation Index, which indicates the strength of El Nino (red) and La Nina (blue) events. Recent significant El Ninos include 1982-83, 1997-98, and 2009-2010.</td></tr>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Remote Swell </b>– Remote
swell is generated by storms in the Pacific Ocean and from other regions such
as Baja California and more distant areas such as New Zealand. Storm types
include offshore extratropical storms, tropical storms, hurricanes, and
southern hemisphere storms. Remote swell events can be difficult to predict since
waves travel from distant source regions. Impacts include wave damage and
overtopping along the shoreline, particularly to coastal structures such as
breakwaters, piers, and revetments. Wave overtopping can also cause inundation
and ponding of water in backshore areas, such as low-lying roads and parking
lots. </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tsunami</b> –
Tsunamis are extremely long period waves generated primarily by earthquakes,
but can also be caused by volcanic eruptions or landslides. Tsunamis can be
generated from far-field source regions such as Chile, Alaska, or Japan and
from near-field source regions along the Pacific coast. Impacts include strong
currents and long lasting <a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>water level oscillations in
harbors which can damage docks, piers, and boats moored within the harbor. For
larger tsunami events, impacts could include shoreline inundation and overland
flow of water that damages structures in low-lying areas.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Damage at the Crescent City harbor after the March 2011 Japan tsunami (Photo: Nicole Metzger)</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Numerical modeling predictions of tsunami wave height and arrival times across the Pacific for the Japan earthquake in 2011. Also of note is the focusing of wave energy in the vicinity of Crescent City in northern California. Source: NOAA Center for Tsunami Research, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory</td></tr>
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<![endif]-->Justin Vandeverhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08677455267312712386noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4246436115275908122.post-23466089868491096492013-08-25T20:24:00.000-07:002013-08-28T00:09:40.183-07:00Kayak Camping in Tomales Bay<span id="goog_670710193"></span><span id="goog_670710194"></span>This past weekend a group of our friends planned a kayak camping trip to Tomales Bay. Despite daunting logistics, we managed to transport 24 kayakers the 2.5 miles from Marshall, across Tomales Bay, to Tomales Beach. We arranged to meet Saturday morning at Blue Waters Kayaking in the town of Marshall on Tomales Bay's east shore. The weather was surprisingly calm and warm despite a small craft advisory along the open coast due to offshore winds.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A calm start to the day on Tomales Bay</td></tr>
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Once we all arrived, we packed up our stuff and completely filled the Blue Water motorboat with gear and supplies. I was worried we might sink the boat, but the boat driver was very accommodating so we loaded him down with all the essential (and non-essential) gear! In order to feel like I was pulling my own weight, we loaded our kayak with a few small bags to share the burden.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Motorboat support, courtesy of Blue Water Kayaking. This was only part of the way through the packing.</td></tr>
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The staff pulled out our 12 kayaks and briefed us on proper kayaking technique, which apparently involves synchronized holding of the paddle over your head.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Now, hold the paddle over your head and make a right angle with your arms...</td></tr>
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From the pier, Tomales Beach looked like a long ways away. Just as we cast off, a light breeze picked up and produced some wind chop which we had to negotiate. I steered our boat straight across the Bay so that we could head up along the west shore with some shelter from the wind and waves.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY7TVb3DkttoSwl9nsDfHDjWWjCsmbLCnKQMInZpIvmmRlY8LoKDJnHoEdji9ujM7sktLBXllRVY6VAwc3THmlld_H1WNH9bUZW5MT3uK1PsUuH5pviI_8eV624aL0VuTF-weQ_S7AnqiP/s1600/IMG_2356.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY7TVb3DkttoSwl9nsDfHDjWWjCsmbLCnKQMInZpIvmmRlY8LoKDJnHoEdji9ujM7sktLBXllRVY6VAwc3THmlld_H1WNH9bUZW5MT3uK1PsUuH5pviI_8eV624aL0VuTF-weQ_S7AnqiP/s640/IMG_2356.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Anne and Mike, Tomales Bay pirates, attempting to sink our kayak.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Easy going on the west side out of the wind.</td></tr>
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We passed Marshall Beach along the way but continued onwards to Tomales Beach. I didn't time it exactly, but it seemed like it took a little over an hour to make it over to our camping spot. The combination of the wind and the incoming tide slowed us down a bit.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Success! Laying claim to Tomales Beach</td></tr>
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Our gear and supplies were waiting for us on the beach when we arrived. We pulled the kayaks ashore above the high tide line and set up our tents, which was followed by much napping and lounging on the beach. The weather continued to improve and stayed calm the rest of the day.<br />
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We had some great weather and the sun persisted into the early evening. I grabbed my camera and took some shots. It was very peaceful and quiet. The nearest road is over a half mile away and only boat-in camping is allowed.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Small sandy point at the north end of Tomales Beach</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">View across the Bay</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirBj7Ei-OC68J3cFPgh1V0Am9g7nq5saH6BVd4Tjvm3X3vom17hiTK3BeVguaX2HeUUdVCmHR_GTZTWl9ceUFbKAaPagmXFkZw_oQz3YAEWTuMIk3gqXBcHoW3ESbhCsCrFtSsUynbs8h4/s1600/IMG_2368.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirBj7Ei-OC68J3cFPgh1V0Am9g7nq5saH6BVd4Tjvm3X3vom17hiTK3BeVguaX2HeUUdVCmHR_GTZTWl9ceUFbKAaPagmXFkZw_oQz3YAEWTuMIk3gqXBcHoW3ESbhCsCrFtSsUynbs8h4/s640/IMG_2368.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Not a bad view!</td></tr>
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The crew played some football, frisbee, and even a game of Settlers of Catan before assembling for dinner. Tacos and burritos were on the menu, including tortillas, tomatoes, beans, avocados, onions, mushrooms, cheese, salsa, and hot sauce. Oh, and of course, soy chorizo (which tastes better than it sounds)!<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgonOvKMKlEcrmwLJ1QzOv6TF44Un51P-1XUZTWv1rQitx12Cp2iW2Iz5MiROR745GPNlxoCYkk83o0FXdsm76IlMXnl9bD71Q7YL2zMtFDNd2mnxVFp58GW7jFX7qet3Z15KdO3KWRBX-G/s1600/IMG_2379.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgonOvKMKlEcrmwLJ1QzOv6TF44Un51P-1XUZTWv1rQitx12Cp2iW2Iz5MiROR745GPNlxoCYkk83o0FXdsm76IlMXnl9bD71Q7YL2zMtFDNd2mnxVFp58GW7jFX7qet3Z15KdO3KWRBX-G/s640/IMG_2379.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Anne and Mike during the Great Mushroom/Onion Cook-off of 2013</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6uTepTrhEPGJAf8NLXrHjm1DvkqoZLHOr_2xfQ35lrB-6_iqhupwQbZ8j65kfp5RDb5_HK20yqSTZNgP_Lreu5-ayfeNRwifK9Bdk3_fgKx2QlZl96YP1-kcHzBda-GLM6ATeC8FSH9uT/s1600/IMG_2380.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6uTepTrhEPGJAf8NLXrHjm1DvkqoZLHOr_2xfQ35lrB-6_iqhupwQbZ8j65kfp5RDb5_HK20yqSTZNgP_Lreu5-ayfeNRwifK9Bdk3_fgKx2QlZl96YP1-kcHzBda-GLM6ATeC8FSH9uT/s640/IMG_2380.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">And THAT is what soy chorizo looks like...</td></tr>
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Allison and I went for a walk up the hill and got a nice vantage point to the cove just to the north of our beach. We saw a lone kayak heading back towards the shore just as it was getting dark.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizim8dxIN6GpSdsAi6ADdyHyL40yzsjFCa9SHnL9EJ6U3LBK7ZJ3JsERYPpBjQYqaa-aVkZHCfBGPHsISZ0Cbsf0-Uyr14QoI1qj4U1C5nmzMYRxXyPIXqHC_xjpS_6krr4129CLVUcXfR/s1600/IMG_2389.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizim8dxIN6GpSdsAi6ADdyHyL40yzsjFCa9SHnL9EJ6U3LBK7ZJ3JsERYPpBjQYqaa-aVkZHCfBGPHsISZ0Cbsf0-Uyr14QoI1qj4U1C5nmzMYRxXyPIXqHC_xjpS_6krr4129CLVUcXfR/s640/IMG_2389.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lone kayaker on Tomales Bay at sunset with Hog Island in the background</td></tr>
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The weather stayed clear and although we couldn't quite see the sunset we got a nice display of clouds and fog in the evening light.<br />
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We waited until it got dark and then started the fire. Jonas had thought of just about everything and dessert consisted of pineapple skewers and smores.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Roasting pineapple skewers over the very hot fire</td></tr>
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After some time around the fire, we were ready for the main act of the evening - bioluminescent dinoflagellates - or, glow-in-the-dark algae! Apparently during certain times of the year, these plankton are concentrated in the shallow waters of Tomales Bay. As we paddled out into the darkness we saw this magic in action. The plankton produce flickers of light when they are disturbed so every paddle stroke seemed to produce hundreds of tiny sparkles in the water. We could even see the paths of fish under the boat as they darted through the eelgrass, illuminated by the plankton. It was quite an experience and definitely one of the coolest natural phenomena we had ever observed.<br />
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The next morning we awoke to a foggy wet bay as the sun tried to push through and burn off the fog.<br />
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After a breakfast of eggs, mangoes, and croissants, we packed up our gear and readied the boats for the paddle back.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mike and Sam getting ready for the paddle back to Marshall</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Low tide shoreline along Tomales Beach</td></tr>
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With the wind at our backs (and improved paddling technique) we made short work of the paddle back, covering the 2.5 miles in under an hour. After a short wait back in Marshall, the motorboat arrived with our gear and we were on our way! We headed north along Highway 1 and spotted Tomales Beach across the Bay.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tomales Beach viewed from Highway 1 across the Bay</td></tr>
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It was just about lunchtime so we headed inland to Santa Rosa and hit up the Russian River brewery. A fine way to end the weekend!Justin Vandeverhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08677455267312712386noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4246436115275908122.post-66415277738812238382013-07-29T19:02:00.001-07:002013-07-29T21:00:38.631-07:00A walk in the woods - Point Reyes This past weekend, we headed up to Point Reyes for a quick backpacking trip. We had reservations at Site 10 at Sky camp, off Limantour Road. Despite the lack of rain for several months, the hills of Point Reyes seemed as wet and foggy as ever!<br />
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We followed the Sky Trail uphill for a little over a mile to the Sky Camp. It was a really straightforward hike and a great way to get out into the wilds with little effort. Quite a few trails are accessible from the campground so it's a good base to explore the area.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I took a quick cell phone photo of the guidebook map for quick reference. </td></tr>
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We set up camp at our site which was about 100 yards off the main trail. We took a short out and back hike southward on the Sky Trail while we still had some daylight.<br />
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We ran into a few folks on the trail but in general it was quite peaceful.<br />
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We soon entered a more densely forested area and the trail got incredibly muddy! It was easy to see why. The trees were doing their job harvesting the water right out of the air - it was practically raining down on the forest floor.<br />
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The fog poured through the tree canopy and the light was muted but still amazing. I kept falling behind to take pictures as the landscape became more eery and unusually green. <br />
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There were signs of life though and we walked through a clearing where some beautiful orange flowers emerged.<br />
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As the sun set we saw all shades of white, grey, and black as the trees were silhouetted against the sky. Not your typical oranges and reds to signal the end of the day.<br />
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We turned around to head back to camp and took one final glimpse of the fog machine in action, now rolling through the tall trees.<br />
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The next day, we headed down to the end of Limantour Road to the beach. I had never visited this beach before and really enjoyed it! It's always a unique experience to look over the water and see land where you are not expecting it! Hello Point Reyes!<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">View looking west along Limantour Beach, across Drakes Bay, with Point Reyes in the distance</td></tr>
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We picked up a beach clean-up bag courtesy of <a href="http://www.alloneocean.org/" target="_blank">All One Ocean </a>and NPS and did our best to find plastic debris scattered on the beach. These boxes seem like such a great idea and I hope to see more of them!<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">All One Ocean beach clean-up station provide re-purposed coffee bags to collect trash from the beach</td></tr>
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We wandered along the beach and made our way back to the car, crossing over the channels and marsh of the upper reaches of the Limantour Estero.<br />
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We made our way back over the hill to Point Reyes Station and then headed up the eastern shore of Tomales Bay to the Marshall Store, a seafood shack perched over the waters of the bay. We ordered some oysters and watched the last bit of sunshine disappear behind the fog bank. Time to head home!<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">When in Rome... Tomales Bay oysters at the Marshall Store.</td></tr>
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<br />Justin Vandeverhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08677455267312712386noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4246436115275908122.post-6118252109801085312013-03-23T22:13:00.002-07:002013-03-24T22:59:40.097-07:00Geology of the SF waterfront<b></b>Last weekend (March 16), I had the pleasure of participating in a one day field trip - the Geology of the San Francisco Waterfront - offered through the Point Reyes National Seashore Association <a href="http://www.ptreyes.org/fieldinstitute" target="_blank">Field Institute</a>. The class was taught by John Karachewski, a geologist from the California EPA.<br />
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<span class="style11">We started off the day at the Van Ness Pier at Aquatic Park, where John oriented the group to the geography of San Francisco. As you might expect, the geography of the City has a lot to do with its geologic history. The rocks units, or "terranes", that make up San Francisco are the result of complex plate tectonics, uplift, and erosion processes at the margin of the North American plate some 65 to 175 million years ago. As the ancestral Farallon plate subducted (or plunged) underneath the North American plate, pieces of oceanic crust material were transported to and pasted onto the edge of the continent. Some of these rock units were originally formed thousands of miles away in the tropical ocean while others were formed just offshore, as sediments were eroded from the mountains and deposited in a submarine trench. These rocks and sediments were then buried deep within the earth, heated and compressed, and later brought up to the surface through uplift and erosion of the overlying material, exposing the San Francisco we see today. The photo below shows John talking about the various terranes that comprise San Francisco, with Alcatraz Island in the background.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John discussing the geology of San Francisco at the Van Ness Pier.</td></tr>
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Speaking of Alcatraz, we learned that Alcatraz Island is primarily comprised of the same thick beds of sandstone and other rock units that form some of the higher hills in the northeast part of the City (such as Telegraph Hill, Russian Hill, and Nob Hill). The photo below shows the steep sandstone cliffs along the shoreline of Alcatraz. Looks like a lovely place to spend a vacation!<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhel4ObTXIqk89UH_mDYvReRSZKLNWenFYbRUqUv40_k4SzS4lExiZTD1NizIwlMsdhuwWRT2ClbliuX12QBPe-fQL_1JJGulVllGvHBcqlEydAMJPlN6GnczzqozLgeILWLn04LcWavFcM/s1600/DSC_7132.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhel4ObTXIqk89UH_mDYvReRSZKLNWenFYbRUqUv40_k4SzS4lExiZTD1NizIwlMsdhuwWRT2ClbliuX12QBPe-fQL_1JJGulVllGvHBcqlEydAMJPlN6GnczzqozLgeILWLn04LcWavFcM/s640/DSC_7132.JPG" height="424" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Eroded sandstone cliffs of the Alcatraz terrane, Alcatraz Island.</td></tr>
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Our next stop was Crissy Field, a former tidal lagoon once filled to build a military airfield and recently excavated to create (or re-create), you guessed it, a tidal lagoon! We arrived around low tide and there were quite a few shorebirds wading in the shallow waters and intertidal sand and mudflats. While at this stop, we discussed global climate change and sea level rise and its implications for the landscape of the Bay Area. Approximately 18,000 years ago, at the peak of the last ice age, sea level was roughly 350 ft below its present day level. The "Bay" as we know it today did not exist and instead the rivers of the Sierra Nevada flowed down to a great river valley, ultimately flowing through a steep gorge at the Golden Gate and out to the ocean across the continental shelf. Only time will tell what changes future sea level rise may cause along the California shoreline. One thing is for sure, the coastline will look a lot different by the end of the century than it does today!<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4dTu5VwTGPWzer519srDzJ-seb98htt59S2NU1_5pKcQFDqtnGAu5r6iVZpzgSm0zhjIc-vUViwdTFRs9BIMmY-RCQBxdao9jqep1hK15-D9S9HV0L1IkBVvwjIgQPTsNtJalmgYEXbT9/s1600/DSC_7142.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4dTu5VwTGPWzer519srDzJ-seb98htt59S2NU1_5pKcQFDqtnGAu5r6iVZpzgSm0zhjIc-vUViwdTFRs9BIMmY-RCQBxdao9jqep1hK15-D9S9HV0L1IkBVvwjIgQPTsNtJalmgYEXbT9/s640/DSC_7142.JPG" height="424" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The restored tidal lagoon at Crissy Field.</td></tr>
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After Crissy Field we moved on to a great renovated viewpoint at Battery Godfrey. I had never been here before, believe it or not, and it was quite a site! The overlook had a great view of the Golden Gate Bridge, Kirby Cove (straight across the Bay in Marin), and Marshall Beach below. In the photo below, you can see a great exposure of a serpentine landslide, a rock formed at mid-ocean spreading centers many millions of years ago. Another interesting fact about serpentine rocks is that the heavy metal, low nutrient soil derived from them is toxic to many plants, a characteristic that favors the native slow-growing plants of San Francisco!<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnLV8vIb1VCzDZ6WfVQ4tjmpnuabyBmGxND7742L8JEG54h9Oz6mTHC5jdztiU2u638PRXKlnS4s6d0AGs4hDJN8YDwKko1-XJSF5cwvgKXiDDpnMxnmLdco5YYlvVX-89o8O-CtPsMWJp/s1600/DSC_7158.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnLV8vIb1VCzDZ6WfVQ4tjmpnuabyBmGxND7742L8JEG54h9Oz6mTHC5jdztiU2u638PRXKlnS4s6d0AGs4hDJN8YDwKko1-XJSF5cwvgKXiDDpnMxnmLdco5YYlvVX-89o8O-CtPsMWJp/s640/DSC_7158.JPG" height="424" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">View of the Marin Headlands from Battery Godfrey and serpentine landslide.</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfubsmgvcPzmwlVSpkoOTTbwxAvCvrGtsGcx2Xfxym_fqRtPgI9xXpyDizh1VrvJwQ7yll5SA4ZUePdL19MxXruzDaeF8s5ThnQcxYmEFNXxOXgBuG-VI4jRVFtvdJL1Ek89rb6d-XsdmY/s1600/DSC_7150.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfubsmgvcPzmwlVSpkoOTTbwxAvCvrGtsGcx2Xfxym_fqRtPgI9xXpyDizh1VrvJwQ7yll5SA4ZUePdL19MxXruzDaeF8s5ThnQcxYmEFNXxOXgBuG-VI4jRVFtvdJL1Ek89rb6d-XsdmY/s640/DSC_7150.JPG" height="424" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Battery Godfrey in San Francisco was constructed in the late 1890s and is now part of the GGNRA.</td></tr>
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From Battery Godfrey we headed over to the Seacliff neighborhood and walked down the steps to China Beach. According to the monument at the parking lot, China Beach got its name from the Chinese fisherman who moored their boats in the cove and camped on the beach during the gold rush era. At this stop, we looked at some of the rock exposures that illustrate the extreme complexity of the geologic processes that formed the rocks we see here - sandstone, chert, and pillow basalts all mashed together in one big confusing mess!<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJNhyUgwHVuhGNFChPlN3-1dN5LEJiPFhr5gHazmIRoEDinC1EPsX8sTTiTiKkDN5cELazi4or3qi85qLdyCdoN-TlDVBTVbEtfvDsDLNcUYuUwKMZ428qvB5f3yErUtrH8_L3VJbRvKyn/s1600/DSC_7168.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJNhyUgwHVuhGNFChPlN3-1dN5LEJiPFhr5gHazmIRoEDinC1EPsX8sTTiTiKkDN5cELazi4or3qi85qLdyCdoN-TlDVBTVbEtfvDsDLNcUYuUwKMZ428qvB5f3yErUtrH8_L3VJbRvKyn/s640/DSC_7168.JPG" height="424" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">View of the Golden Gate Bridge from China Beach with graywacke sandstone outcrops in the sand.</td></tr>
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Next, we headed out to the Lands End/Sutro Baths area, which is part of the San Bruno Mountain terrane. The rocks here consist mainly of thick sandstone beds that were deposited as part of a submarine fan at the edge of the North American plate around 100 million years ago.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNG38sgQdHFlGC59UPgaZUkJ1KJnwegczMrQ6q-9wkF1X1z9NiIB7Wj5IKmMbm5VwZ3JKpl1CYoNIl17ZS5n2KHauG_2_6pwGlDoZFIaEsf7jGRilEBylm-VF5cpwAn_GD36G-4S9gyY_o/s1600/DSC_7169.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihbkAFN-R7l5BJxJjnAvk5UdoOl26uESYdEgYnBK_FrzCz14uNjNp0cpahB9bWTC8nfwqBT5p0a9a6FxMeqwGku40w2RejdRWzwMPe4jze3RcCa3V_dU9MN76txPVl3zeTQJ5Dgso0YpOq/s1600/DSC_7180.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihbkAFN-R7l5BJxJjnAvk5UdoOl26uESYdEgYnBK_FrzCz14uNjNp0cpahB9bWTC8nfwqBT5p0a9a6FxMeqwGku40w2RejdRWzwMPe4jze3RcCa3V_dU9MN76txPVl3zeTQJ5Dgso0YpOq/s640/DSC_7180.JPG" height="424" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John pointing out the San Andreas fault across the Gate in Marin County, visible as a depression in the ridgeline.</td></tr>
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In some outcrops, the sandstone beds alternate with beds of shale (finer sediments). These alternating beds can be seen on the trail down to the sea caves, at the north end of the Sutro Baths ruins. The sediment layers likely represent what are referred to as turbidity currents, which are very dense mixtures of sediment and water that flow along the ocean floor. Turbidity currents are one way that sands and muds in the nearshore area are carried down submarine canyons and out to deepwater.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrwCWyArXRRSkHqhd0jproYlKRgz1szOIta_oonTuhEjMQs0xr5udXSw5tPK-4uCJaA8gd7UKip_SlG2CijLWXMyi7qVmn8Vy25bpIsDtL4B6kggt2igV1JUlpfpsvITzMF6qZ56lvoO31/s1600/DSC_7188.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrwCWyArXRRSkHqhd0jproYlKRgz1szOIta_oonTuhEjMQs0xr5udXSw5tPK-4uCJaA8gd7UKip_SlG2CijLWXMyi7qVmn8Vy25bpIsDtL4B6kggt2igV1JUlpfpsvITzMF6qZ56lvoO31/s640/DSC_7188.JPG" height="424" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Alternating beds of sandstone and shale at the Sutro Baths ruins.</td></tr>
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Our final stop was the bluffs at Fort Funston, at the southern end of the San Francisco shoreline. In geologic time, these bluffs are quite young, formed only a few hundred thousand years ago. Much of the bluffs is comprised of the weakly consolidated sands, muds, gravel, and silt of the Merced Formation, which formed in a sandy coastal dune and nearshore environment. Due to their soft nature, these bluffs are easily eroded by wave action and this stretch of coastline exhibits very high erosion rates and incredibly large landslides (such as the Thornton Beach landslide during the 1982-83 El Nino winter). In the photo below, the point in the distance is Mussel Rock, which represents the point where the San Andreas fault runs offshore out into the ocean (it intersects the coastline line again as it runs through Bolinas Lagoon, Tomales Bay, and Bodega Bay farther north). Here, at Fort Funston, we see geologic processes acting on a much faster time scale, with ongoing marine and terrestrial erosion of the bluffs, compounded by the periodic seismic shaking and instability of large earthquakes along the nearby San Andreas fault (such as the 1906 and 1989 quakes).<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitgDA6h0tKnUvUyABRHBRfFGh3o0Hfp4svl8NQNeDwThFxPAk7M83l-MDIVldd2yYG2tBzpZQ53geEULaEhV-yxat-S4Nwdejeey43mtnBotJ2BpN59_K4c2MNRauy-kLJydjp-RPOzgHM/s1600/DSC_7190.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitgDA6h0tKnUvUyABRHBRfFGh3o0Hfp4svl8NQNeDwThFxPAk7M83l-MDIVldd2yYG2tBzpZQ53geEULaEhV-yxat-S4Nwdejeey43mtnBotJ2BpN59_K4c2MNRauy-kLJydjp-RPOzgHM/s640/DSC_7190.JPG" height="424" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The uplifted marine terrace at Fort Funston with the heavily developed Daly City in the background.</td></tr>
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<span class="style11"><b> </b></span><br />
<span class="style11"><b> </b></span><br />
<span class="style11"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Overall, it was a great trip with a very know<span style="font-size: small;">led<span style="font-size: small;">g<span style="font-size: small;">e<span style="font-size: small;">able guide. Thanks to John </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="style11"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Karachewski and the F<span style="font-size: small;">ield Ins<span style="font-size: small;">titute for a great day by the coast!</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br />
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<span class="style11"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Note: The following web resource was also consulted to verify my recollection of the <span style="font-size: x-small;">concepts discussed during the field class ((c) Ted Konigsmark)</span>: <a href="http://www.geologictrips.com/sf/sfttsf.pdf">http://www.geologictrips.com/sf/sfttsf.pdf</a>.</span></span>Justin Vandeverhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08677455267312712386noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4246436115275908122.post-77537398167289326802013-03-12T23:13:00.001-07:002013-03-24T22:59:23.828-07:00Want a bird's eye view of the CA coast?As a practicing coastal engineer and scientist, I have long benefited from an amazing resource unique to the California coast - the <a href="http://www.californiacoastline.org/" target="_blank">California Coastal Records Project</a> (CCRP). The CCRP is an online database of aerial photographs that cover nearly the entire California coastline. Started by Gabrielle and Kenneth Adelman in 2002, the site provides a unique perspective usually reserved for those lucky few who have experienced a helicopter ride above California's beaches.<br />
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The Adelman's photography provides what is referred to as an "oblique" aerial view - that is, an aerial image taken at an angle to the shoreline. By flying just offshore at an elevation of approximately 500 ft, they are able to capture a side view of features such as cliffs, bluffs, seawalls, etc., that are difficult to interpret from a typical aerial image alone. For reference, here's a typical aerial image from Google Earth, taken of San Francisco's Great Highway just south of Sloat Boulevard:<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA0C1VOisEJzkanWNW9LyRzgJMW7ZQyRIkMFtMOkXr5tGd71obKJVUTSBEXD3mGxjhrcLgVotuQ0v3s3CqjCZgPA3iUmazF1SwJ7FTRTeapn4BNna3ZYJ5ANgtMcIBni0cflKZLRHQ3qJu/s1600/ocean+beach+example+typical+aerial.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA0C1VOisEJzkanWNW9LyRzgJMW7ZQyRIkMFtMOkXr5tGd71obKJVUTSBEXD3mGxjhrcLgVotuQ0v3s3CqjCZgPA3iUmazF1SwJ7FTRTeapn4BNna3ZYJ5ANgtMcIBni0cflKZLRHQ3qJu/s640/ocean+beach+example+typical+aerial.jpg" height="418" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A typical aerial photograph showing an area of the San Francisco shoreline at Sloat Blvd.</td></tr>
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When you examine this stretch of coastline in the aerial, you can easily identify that the parking lot appears to be quite close to the shoreline and that the beach just west of the parking area looks to be at least partially armored with rock. You can also see a more substantial revetment to the south of the parking lot and a spot in between the two armored sections that appears to have experienced more substantial erosion. Certainly, zooming in helps resolve these features in finer detail (see below), but you have limited sense of the topographic relief in the image. For example, is the parking lot on high ground? Is it vulnerable to flooding or wave overtopping? It's hard to tell exactly what's going on here - especially if you don't have the benefit of a site visit or familiarity with the area.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUSr_zfSUNQfF7bY0CufFlJIy4GBlBRb2-Vmv7hi-cGctV7r79k9MYoRfANCgooNljlwedTUYmcHJJpxp-PHc6LNf_hb4y4x7bAZRlgSHOGnEZILhEBCQUE5smnjFWV7a3U4AARcuJeKwE/s1600/ocean+beach+example+typical+aerial+zoom.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUSr_zfSUNQfF7bY0CufFlJIy4GBlBRb2-Vmv7hi-cGctV7r79k9MYoRfANCgooNljlwedTUYmcHJJpxp-PHc6LNf_hb4y4x7bAZRlgSHOGnEZILhEBCQUE5smnjFWV7a3U4AARcuJeKwE/s640/ocean+beach+example+typical+aerial+zoom.jpg" height="438" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Note that even after zooming in, it is still difficult to fully interpret the photograph and the topography of the shoreline.</td></tr>
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This is where the benefit of an oblique aerial can really help. Here's what the view looks like from the oblique aerial shot from the CCRP:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-P32JiTEgqI_RYWWfB3WBhW1QR3fNH9zs7aG0t7OBD239RRWpvebo768FFpJHkh4OAMJWiPt87FKHfytEMQCMncCLEWVpKN3Air7fQ91cvfYgs5P7Mri34xdHXa-kgj83Bn2fjx70kve9/s1600/201007769+resized.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-P32JiTEgqI_RYWWfB3WBhW1QR3fNH9zs7aG0t7OBD239RRWpvebo768FFpJHkh4OAMJWiPt87FKHfytEMQCMncCLEWVpKN3Air7fQ91cvfYgs5P7Mri34xdHXa-kgj83Bn2fjx70kve9/s640/201007769+resized.JPG" height="424" width="640" /></a></div>
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Oh my gosh! What a mess! With the benefit of the oblique aerial you can truly tell what is going on here. We see that the parking lot is elevated on a low bluff along the back of the beach and that there is all sorts of rubble and debris on the beach at the base of the bluff. This is certainly San Francisco's most troubled stretch of shoreline. (Note this is within the area of sand nourishment from Fall 2012 - see my time comparison photos <a href="http://californiabeachblog.blogspot.com/2013/01/sloat-beach-fill-time-comparison-fall.html" target="_blank">here</a>. The good news is that the City has partnered with SPUR to help develop solutions to the shoreline erosion occurring here and develop a <a href="http://www.spur.org/ocean-beach" target="_blank">master plan</a> and vision for the future of Ocean Beach).<br />
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I'll leave it to you to explore the Coastal Records website, but let me give a few pointers. First, here's a screenshot of the main navigation page:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj21fC1DDVaHwgEDaqu5lmTWCwPjc5cYLCmLGbM9HtJD5BFIINSiOFlH04kZBNMbwBUEIpyYhBKLG13dXpt_k9NJnTcqVdCSU9Uns4PPdbS1ydkbQaqayCxFs4hZZvlhjrv2XjAQT0lzrvg/s1600/Screen+capture+CCRP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj21fC1DDVaHwgEDaqu5lmTWCwPjc5cYLCmLGbM9HtJD5BFIINSiOFlH04kZBNMbwBUEIpyYhBKLG13dXpt_k9NJnTcqVdCSU9Uns4PPdbS1ydkbQaqayCxFs4hZZvlhjrv2XjAQT0lzrvg/s640/Screen+capture+CCRP.jpg" height="370" width="640" /></a></div>
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Each photograph is georeferenced with latitude/longitude coordinates so it can be placed on a map. The navigation panel shows you the oblique aerial along with its location. You also get a preview of the adjacent upcoast and downcoast photos.<br />
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What's really neat about this site is that you can essentially "fly" along the coast and see any stretch of coastline you want to look at! Use the "Northwest" and "Southeast" buttons to jump either 1 or 10 photos in either direction, depending if you want to head to the north or south. You can also click on the map for a specific location or search for a place name from the main page - both are useful tools.<br />
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In addition to viewing the most current oblique aerial imagery, you can also view historical images, some of which dates back to the 1970s. This can be really interesting to see how the coastline has changed over time. For example, I have compared images over time to identify locations of bluff failure and to help understand rates of bluff retreat at the <a href="http://www.californiacoastline.org/cgi-bin/location.cgi?flags=0&year=current&latdeg=37.714933&longdeg=122.507082" target="_blank">Daly City outfall</a> at Fort Funston.<br />
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Here are a few neat locations you might want to check out:<br />
<a href="http://www.californiacoastline.org/cgi-bin/image.cgi?image=201005048&mode=sequential&flags=0&year=current" target="_blank">Monterey Bay Aquarium</a> <br />
<a href="http://www.californiacoastline.org/cgi-bin/image.cgi?image=200809166&mode=sequential&flags=0&year=2008" target="_blank">San Francisco's Cliff House</a><br />
<a href="http://www.californiacoastline.org/cgi-bin/image.cgi?image=201007652&mode=sequential&flags=0&year=current" target="_blank">Golden Gate Bridge</a><br />
<a href="http://www.californiacoastline.org/cgi-bin/image.cgi?image=200907209&mode=sequential&flags=0&year=2009" target="_blank">Pigeon Point Lighthouse</a> <br />
<a href="http://www.californiacoastline.org/cgi-bin/image.cgi?image=200505323&mode=sequential&flags=9&year=2005" target="_blank">Point Reyes Lighthouse</a><br />
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Certainly, an aerial tour of the California coast would inspire anyone and the variety of coastal features is impressive, to say the least. That said, I have been repeatedly shocked and appalled by some of what I have discovered through this photographic database because it reveals much of the destruction of our coastline that is often hidden from view. Here are few culprits that really get me going!<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbRseLoEmgYh_PIQnpWxNmiqurEMc3U0eXWOSqcFSsx9mC2_5o32Su1RcQQs5vy519Sbd_LydJA79PydH3x9YFS5B5W6FITtCnMf7GtmLi0M8uVzBPkLzAjUD_KD8Mea002UVoEDrfogJZ/s1600/Gleasons+Beach+200905134.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbRseLoEmgYh_PIQnpWxNmiqurEMc3U0eXWOSqcFSsx9mC2_5o32Su1RcQQs5vy519Sbd_LydJA79PydH3x9YFS5B5W6FITtCnMf7GtmLi0M8uVzBPkLzAjUD_KD8Mea002UVoEDrfogJZ/s640/Gleasons+Beach+200905134.JPG" height="416" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hey, are you going to pick that up? (Failed bluff stabilization, Gleason's Beach, Sonoma County)</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEBIkt5KTIYGGXdIJG1OME8X6QhdzuJM7w6-P225vzthIokpkKxVlBo5chaiEXwiK4qUYwjshUey6jHek7N28pbhxW7G-3wDJpCe1a3FfBIp3D3NzSXx0VjtaCZb3NmugPTgiZWX_t1gk7/s1600/Pacifica+201007854.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEBIkt5KTIYGGXdIJG1OME8X6QhdzuJM7w6-P225vzthIokpkKxVlBo5chaiEXwiK4qUYwjshUey6jHek7N28pbhxW7G-3wDJpCe1a3FfBIp3D3NzSXx0VjtaCZb3NmugPTgiZWX_t1gk7/s640/Pacifica+201007854.JPG" height="456" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sometimes you just have to let it go... (Condemned apartment building, Pacifica, CA)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxk2C2iDynLFrbC7Z4gpuWHgABm5OYgjCsQHtdz0Juqf7lUM7A8A7GdpxulL6mv9gfHODMMUDI2UH1sHTCne2K-UbMORnXSmAsN7nKbmVuchdMd5o4xYAEg1-LVq58vg2wva2gil9ywF4C/s1600/Ritz+Carlton+201008187.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxk2C2iDynLFrbC7Z4gpuWHgABm5OYgjCsQHtdz0Juqf7lUM7A8A7GdpxulL6mv9gfHODMMUDI2UH1sHTCne2K-UbMORnXSmAsN7nKbmVuchdMd5o4xYAEg1-LVq58vg2wva2gil9ywF4C/s640/Ritz+Carlton+201008187.JPG" height="442" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Seriously, Ritz Carlton? What IS that, anyway? (Ritz Carlton, Half Moon Bay, San Mateo County)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMgO1VEV7BwiUT3cvHU2lmIlnNJBrqqcm8azE7GLqCX8tgtJdVLMjpDFBfLQJwVRhbVFB-TGVvz4J5zBhIrDRsNXMG6uq8PMtc8xJYEwfqxWdUJb40jb7isATGoNG8Kur7iCA_FmT7QeQm/s1600/Malibu+201001802.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMgO1VEV7BwiUT3cvHU2lmIlnNJBrqqcm8azE7GLqCX8tgtJdVLMjpDFBfLQJwVRhbVFB-TGVvz4J5zBhIrDRsNXMG6uq8PMtc8xJYEwfqxWdUJb40jb7isATGoNG8Kur7iCA_FmT7QeQm/s640/Malibu+201001802.JPG" height="478" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hey, do you guys mind if I put this huge pile of rocks here? The neighbors can fend for themselves! (Malibu, Los Angeles County)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Anyway, you get the point...<br />
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I highly recommend browsing this great resource and see what you can find for yourself! Maybe you can find a new beach to explore or do a little aerial reconnaissance before your next hike. Enjoy!<br />
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<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Photos copyright © 2002-2012 Kenneth & Gabrielle Adelman -
Adelman@Adelman.COM
</i></span><br />
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<br />Justin Vandeverhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08677455267312712386noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4246436115275908122.post-88720912839921425882013-02-23T23:58:00.001-08:002013-03-24T22:59:07.012-07:00An early spring day at Tennessee Valley BeachWith a clear forecast and warm temps, I decided it was finally time to visit Tennessee Valley and the most popular beach that I've never been to! Allison and I headed across the bridge up to Mill Valley in Marin County and set out for the Tennessee Valley trailhead.<br />
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Looking at the map, I finally located Tennessee Beach along the southern Marin coastline - roughly midway between Muir Beach (to the north) and Rodeo Beach (to the south). Both of those beaches are two of my favorites so I was really looking forward to checking out Tennessee Beach.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk1s2RZSJrGh80kZ5h7soA47xj-JjP-yvNU2NVPsL2oR1WfwvmT0aGRUcHDxx8vQ07fYO-e07uG9ncloIZjQOroUvHDcuV4QujOoBjBA9_-Hn7xbQKk7-x5ckSoq32rGqZJ_ecGyxeLpf1/s1600/DSC_6886_crop.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk1s2RZSJrGh80kZ5h7soA47xj-JjP-yvNU2NVPsL2oR1WfwvmT0aGRUcHDxx8vQ07fYO-e07uG9ncloIZjQOroUvHDcuV4QujOoBjBA9_-Hn7xbQKk7-x5ckSoq32rGqZJ_ecGyxeLpf1/s640/DSC_6886_crop.JPG" height="468" width="640" /></a></div>
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The trail heads mostly downhill for 1.7 miles to the beach. It's a pretty easy hike and bike accessible, so it's easy to see why it's so popular.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXjMUHADm5zFbsOKi_hZWcIB7vWifhaBImwX0n_QoEFkTOufXhlsesCX47l4mIldf9_06QSUfiPWdIvQak1VtuOLsCf2ymldmn_3PYfMBvDmf5XF1M5zh5Fga0maC6OhTtrgf1xrJPY-1t/s1600/DSC_6887.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXjMUHADm5zFbsOKi_hZWcIB7vWifhaBImwX0n_QoEFkTOufXhlsesCX47l4mIldf9_06QSUfiPWdIvQak1VtuOLsCf2ymldmn_3PYfMBvDmf5XF1M5zh5Fga0maC6OhTtrgf1xrJPY-1t/s640/DSC_6887.JPG" height="424" width="640" /></a></div>
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As you walk down the valley you are flanked by a characteristically Marin landscape.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCYbU8HLYpIvTvh-bXF9xqjsRR_ybvTq3Nyvo2LDOvM8FxGzAjxGoUTqtdGkISMeh66a1ZunOkcH8NDn8u7XPZYuuJMSHkh0crxKSOUxBzp_TRrz6C1TjhiEQzV1Ix_USiAw2fc-4f8PPG/s1600/DSC_6891.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCYbU8HLYpIvTvh-bXF9xqjsRR_ybvTq3Nyvo2LDOvM8FxGzAjxGoUTqtdGkISMeh66a1ZunOkcH8NDn8u7XPZYuuJMSHkh0crxKSOUxBzp_TRrz6C1TjhiEQzV1Ix_USiAw2fc-4f8PPG/s640/DSC_6891.JPG" height="424" width="640" /></a></div>
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Along the way we passed some really interesting chert rock outcrops right along the trail.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiITl_Q9L2d-v1GMNpB0B8UKLJv0J0MaUlXYrpcEzTf9p0OZwlYSZrV4zrUQacKu5pkZ34A7ndDjEyfYrRxCWwSZXE3YVZmFaKkWMB97mBkRFdXzqK3BkWzf6rG-l6Rxbjb8UuICUc8wn3H/s1600/DSC_6894.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiITl_Q9L2d-v1GMNpB0B8UKLJv0J0MaUlXYrpcEzTf9p0OZwlYSZrV4zrUQacKu5pkZ34A7ndDjEyfYrRxCWwSZXE3YVZmFaKkWMB97mBkRFdXzqK3BkWzf6rG-l6Rxbjb8UuICUc8wn3H/s640/DSC_6894.JPG" height="424" width="640" /></a></div>
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Along the trail you parallel a nice wetland and riparian corridor. Everything looked a little on the dry side for February, likely due to the lack of rain over the last couple months. As you approach the beach, a small earthen dam impounds the drainage, forming a small freshwater pond. A culvert provides drainage from the pond, which then flows down to the ocean across the beach. I don't know the history of the site, but I was surprised to discover that the pond/wetland complex appeared to be artificially created and/or maintained.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlv0NJrhRKs_PNEV-elgyBW_u2UAfI1dHaqgKLhVf0qE-7WVqOvwOxqNvGAbx7DLzyLLm1YdN0zD8PW3B-iUroTBOxFVD_EQy4iZNgeq3baM0YxqAo9-cmJmQua3nmLBVsE1dXsWO7erN8/s1600/DSC_6908.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlv0NJrhRKs_PNEV-elgyBW_u2UAfI1dHaqgKLhVf0qE-7WVqOvwOxqNvGAbx7DLzyLLm1YdN0zD8PW3B-iUroTBOxFVD_EQy4iZNgeq3baM0YxqAo9-cmJmQua3nmLBVsE1dXsWO7erN8/s640/DSC_6908.JPG" height="424" width="640" /></a></div>
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All signs pointed to early spring conditions and nobody had told the plants it was still winter.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5SnR_23t62c9q11nONHcOmRQBG3GKj1YZhSjrBPp4YLtaJxcZv0_Lzztu1Z9M0D5SymzvSjV7IcG9RfglLYbn2HaQdYDZBNRJdEQPu2fYF2oRUtNUh9jqvN-b1A0CQD1FHC6szbdJ5oek/s1600/DSC_6916.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5SnR_23t62c9q11nONHcOmRQBG3GKj1YZhSjrBPp4YLtaJxcZv0_Lzztu1Z9M0D5SymzvSjV7IcG9RfglLYbn2HaQdYDZBNRJdEQPu2fYF2oRUtNUh9jqvN-b1A0CQD1FHC6szbdJ5oek/s640/DSC_6916.JPG" height="424" width="640" /></a></div>
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Once on the beach, the first thing we did was check out the arch collapse at the north end of the beach. As far as we could tell, most of the debris from the December 29 event (<a href="http://www.its.caltech.edu/~rwills/blog.html" target="_blank">Photo sequence</a>) had been carried away by waves at the cliff base.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLuRsBelciY363PVR7mnIp2DEwxVDbGVuzD0r_mtgGOFO5EVK3aQ0dpV-vGLTCQ4TuyZVIPu1L35CJb4wZELVN5GpTrcXsyZvtw2FExG4OoGuRsK6bU4WYkj4ZMU4Kz7Vjyi65ZaO0Ddd0/s1600/DSC_6942.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLuRsBelciY363PVR7mnIp2DEwxVDbGVuzD0r_mtgGOFO5EVK3aQ0dpV-vGLTCQ4TuyZVIPu1L35CJb4wZELVN5GpTrcXsyZvtw2FExG4OoGuRsK6bU4WYkj4ZMU4Kz7Vjyi65ZaO0Ddd0/s640/DSC_6942.JPG" height="424" width="640" /></a></div>
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Similar to other beaches in the area, the sand appeared to be of Franciscan complex origin. Rocks of this assemblage are 80-200 million years old and represent a complex mix of rocks that were scraped off subducting tectonic plates and pasted onto the western margin of the North American plate (more info can be found <a href="http://www.nps.gov/goga/forteachers/upload/Geology%20of%20the%20Golden%20Gate%20Headlands%20Field%20Guide.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>). They typically comprise graywacke sandstone, radiolarian chert, and other metamorphic and volcanic rocks.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM3UcFAlZ2og4DFQPV3AG160FmM4lCXCPeGVycj5liNu6TNRFtfaEPqvrAGeuUeCq9H73FrG1fxGRKwuy3lBEFLhvH5qtZVfEM3kYVrjehTI111gAkIJYl0I4Nr3QsrLdIgrb4QMmLekZq/s1600/DSC_6922.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM3UcFAlZ2og4DFQPV3AG160FmM4lCXCPeGVycj5liNu6TNRFtfaEPqvrAGeuUeCq9H73FrG1fxGRKwuy3lBEFLhvH5qtZVfEM3kYVrjehTI111gAkIJYl0I4Nr3QsrLdIgrb4QMmLekZq/s640/DSC_6922.JPG" height="424" width="640" /></a></div>
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We took some time to explore the rocky cliff material at the southern end of the beach. It was low tide so we were easily and safely able to walk along the beach and check out the crazy rock formations. While we stood at the base of the bluffs, we saw many pebbles and small rocks rolling down onto the beach. Watch your head!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQWET8Tfa3rvt3DyUi09TFvoIsRn__pTk8JH1Tcpoo5ZofS5grz8AtNvmeqVG7qj2PI9sw45dy9xzwv7B83DuMD935unNNhPIvSf91ryU-6t7DrEoZfMdcLX68wTo7dXezEfzotfmU9K1M/s1600/DSC_6928.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQWET8Tfa3rvt3DyUi09TFvoIsRn__pTk8JH1Tcpoo5ZofS5grz8AtNvmeqVG7qj2PI9sw45dy9xzwv7B83DuMD935unNNhPIvSf91ryU-6t7DrEoZfMdcLX68wTo7dXezEfzotfmU9K1M/s640/DSC_6928.JPG" height="640" width="424" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZiEKczXnNEosVOlQOi8eHU_vsXOTjwwdnTPzCfYs7V8erGQdZmmAN95hgdY3_lJYwYda6pgGQP2nHBVL8Ki5GmASQb_hQQJMtkySDZT2aEWiyVqWrmp8TDg1R2MTDEgN9Z2iSRhmQGaE4/s1600/DSC_6938.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZiEKczXnNEosVOlQOi8eHU_vsXOTjwwdnTPzCfYs7V8erGQdZmmAN95hgdY3_lJYwYda6pgGQP2nHBVL8Ki5GmASQb_hQQJMtkySDZT2aEWiyVqWrmp8TDg1R2MTDEgN9Z2iSRhmQGaE4/s640/DSC_6938.JPG" height="424" width="640" /></a></div>
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As we walked back north, we came across what appeared to be an anchor of the steamer <span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"type":45}" id="fbPhotoPageCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">Tennessee, which wrecked here in 1853. Only in operation for four
years before its demise, the Tennessee transported gold seekers from
Panama to San Francisco.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk9r0CXTlb55NOgtofhiOotq6eY2o5LrcXwfmUuwEK5pOKJK5V82_BtlcwIWm586tBNTUQEV4iPESt2f9ewwsKT9dD39ZKEZGXmJ1oOZvg9_ciFt_WSKqHUQ_kvAcI3XjqD8gZolQi0WPW/s1600/DSC_6939.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk9r0CXTlb55NOgtofhiOotq6eY2o5LrcXwfmUuwEK5pOKJK5V82_BtlcwIWm586tBNTUQEV4iPESt2f9ewwsKT9dD39ZKEZGXmJ1oOZvg9_ciFt_WSKqHUQ_kvAcI3XjqD8gZolQi0WPW/s640/DSC_6939.JPG" height="640" width="424" /></a></div>
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<span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"type":45}" id="fbPhotoPageCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">Here's a view looking south. You can see the drainage from the pond flowing out to sea across the beach, and the unstable eroding bluffs along the back of the beach.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnWtg_tdS-8VjvF2lsRR1aR7akYxeBbIzkiv6oGO9qisU3WyOcKUSl092egBd-y23kXwQht6to5whwvpCF4aRHMEDzqgzoply2_T85g6lNZ5x00BU4yD4pjRTkGCQn_LhjVnAg0pEqakUe/s1600/DSC_6944.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnWtg_tdS-8VjvF2lsRR1aR7akYxeBbIzkiv6oGO9qisU3WyOcKUSl092egBd-y23kXwQht6to5whwvpCF4aRHMEDzqgzoply2_T85g6lNZ5x00BU4yD4pjRTkGCQn_LhjVnAg0pEqakUe/s640/DSC_6944.JPG" height="424" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"type":45}" id="fbPhotoPageCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">We decided to hike up to the viewpoint at the north end of the beach for a better view and we weren't disappointed! From the ridge top we spotted the Cliff House and Ocean Beach off in the distance in San Francisco.</span></span><br />
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<span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"type":45}" id="fbPhotoPageCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption"><br /></span></span>
<span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"type":45}" id="fbPhotoPageCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">We shared the view with a few others but we didn't mind. It was still quite peaceful and calm up there. As is the case on many park lands, there was evidence of historical military use, likely dating from WWII.</span></span><br />
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<span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"type":45}" id="fbPhotoPageCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">We headed back down to the beach and made our way back to the car. On the way out of town, we stopped by the farm stand on Tennessee Valley Road and Allison bought some pickled brussels sprouts... mmmmm! Just another day in the Bay Area!</span></span><br />
<span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"type":45}" id="fbPhotoPageCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption"><br /></span></span>Justin Vandeverhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08677455267312712386noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4246436115275908122.post-43131272428093100722013-02-05T18:08:00.000-08:002013-03-24T22:58:45.600-07:00Do King Tides Matter on the Open Coast?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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King Tides have received a lot of <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/13/california-king-tides_n_2297204.html" target="_blank">press </a>lately and rightly
so. Besides representing the oceanic manifestation of a relatively rare, but predictable,
astronomical happenstance, King Tides represent a window into the future - a future where sea level rise makes today's extreme tides a more frequent occurrence. I
won’t delve into the details of the gravitational forcings that produce King
Tides – those are well described <a href="http://www.sanluisobispo.com/2012/12/12/2326133/king-tides-phenomenon-brings-big.html" target="_blank">elsewhere</a>. Suffice it to say, King Tides represent the highest naturally
occurring (and totally predictable) tides of the year and occur when the sun,
the moon, and the earth align in just the right way. Groups such as the
<a href="http://www.californiakingtides.org/" target="_blank">California King Tides Initiative</a> have promoted these naturally occurring tides
as a proxy for what everyday high tides will look like in the future with, say,
a foot of sea level rise (roughly equivalent to mid-21<sup>st</sup> century
conditions). At San Francisco, the typical daily high tide is roughly 6 ft,
while a King Tide is roughly 7 ft – a foot higher. When tides approach the 6.8
to 7.2 ft range at the Golden Gate, various shoreline assets, such as roads,
parking lots (remember the <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HoUJUoRmjck" target="_blank">Mill Valley park-and-ride</a>?), bike trails, promenades, and so forth start
experiencing nuisance flooding (shallow inundation). In addition, elevated tides present potential flooding problems for drainage outfalls to the Bay and creeks and rivers that discharge to tidal waters. The Marin County communities of
Mill Valley and Sausalito, as well as San Francisco's Embarcadero, appear to be particularly vulnerable to King Tides.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">January 2012 King Tides along San Francisco's Embarcadero</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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King Tide flooding is a relatively common occurrence in San Francisco Bay
and has been more widely publicized recently, in part due to the efforts of the
CA King Tides Initiative to educate citizens of the Bay Area. So clearly, King
Tides are an important occurrence within San Francisco Bay (and other inland
embayments, such as Humboldt/Arcata and Newport Bays) where relatively low-lying
mildly sloping shorelines can experience noticeable flooding when high spring tides
are just a few inches higher than normal.</div>
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But what about on the open coast? Do the beaches and bluffs
(and more importantly, homeowners) of the California coastline care about
unusually high tides? Well, the answer of course is – it depends. First, we
have to consider what does "coastal flooding" mean along the open coast?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s more than just high tides. It’s the
total water level – the maximum elevation achieved by waves running up on the
beach, and is a combination of various surf zone processes, including the base
tide level, storm surge, wave setup, and wave runup. I know what you're thinking... What is wave setup? Well, wave setup is a bit of a snoozer to
explain, but the simplest definition is that it is an increase in the water level at
the shoreline due to the presence of breaking waves. Basically, when you
have large waves breaking across the surf zone, the average water level at the shoreline will
be higher than it would be if you had no waves, due to water piling up at the shoreline. The last component – wave runup
– is the process that you actually observe when you are standing on the beach. After waves
break, they form bores which propagate landward and rush up onto the beach
before retreating back into the ocean. So, all those components together – tides, storm surge, wave
setup, and wave runup – combine to produce the ultimate maximum limit of
inundation along the shoreline. For coastal property owners, understanding that maximum wave runup elevation during a coastal flood event is the difference between having water in your living room or not.</div>
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Now, it turns out that wave setup and runup contribute up to two to three times as much to the total runup elevation as does the tide range. And wave processes are much more important along the California coast than is storm surge (the opposite is true along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, where storm surge is dominant). An extreme wave runup elevation on an exposed beach in northern California might be on the order of 20-30 feet. Let's say 7 feet of that is due to tides and 2 ft is due to storm surge. That leaves roughly 10-20 feet due to wave processes - that's huge! So just how important are the tides? We'll get back to that in a minute.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Waves washing over the Rodeo Lagoon spit during high tide.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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The next piece of the puzzle is the offshore wave conditions, since the waves combine with the tide to produce high wave runup elevations. Waves are typically characterized by their wave height (distance from trough to crest) and period (time between wave crests). Maximum wave heights along the California coast are on the order of 30-35 ft and maximum wave periods are in the 20-25 second range; however, those conditions very rarely, if ever, occur together. This got me wondering... historically, what combinations of tides, wave height, and wave period have resulted in the maximum observed wave runup elevations? We know that it is the wave runup elevation that produces flooding at the shoreline, not the tide or offshore wave height alone. If we were identify, say, the top 15 wave runup events for a particular beach, how important is the tide component? Are King Tides (or higher) a requirement for extreme coastal flooding along the California coast? Or can we get extreme coastal events during normal high tides, or even something lower - maybe mean sea level?</div>
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Whoa... that was a lot of questions there. Somebody needs to look at some data! </div>
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Let's start with some simulated data at a representative beach along central California's open coast. Below, I've listed the top 15 wave runup events during a 50-yr simulation period (in total, I examined the top 130 events). Right off the bat, we see that the top 5 events are quite close - within 1 foot of each other. So for argument's sake, let's just say they are equal - roughly 21 feet. The next thing we see is that there are many different combinations of tide, wave height, and wave period to arrive at the same runup elevation! The tide varies from 6.4 to 7.9 ft, wave height varies from 16.4 to 31 ft, and wave period varies from 15.9 to 21.2 seconds. The total wave runup elevation is a function of all three of these variables (beach slope is also important). It's also worth noting, that in all 15 cases, at least a high tide (5.8 ft) or greater is required to make the list. I'll also point out that the top 3 events are all from strong El Nino winters with extremely high tides, but that's a topic for another discussion.<br />
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Top 15 Wave Runup Events Along a Representative Central California Beach*</b></div>
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<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
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<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 544px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Rank</span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.65pt;" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Date</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Runup</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Elevation (ft)</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tide (ft)</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Wave Height (ft)</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.15pt;" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Wave Period (sec)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1/29/1998</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">20.9</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="bottom" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7.4</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">16.4</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">21.2</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1/27/1983</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">20.6</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="bottom" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7.9</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">21.1</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">17.5</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3/1/1983</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">20.4</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="bottom" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7.8</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">21.0</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">17.5</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2/9/1960</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">20.3</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="bottom" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">6.4</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">31.0</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">15.9</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">5</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1/5/2008</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">20.1</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="bottom" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">6.5</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">24.2</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">17.5</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">6</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2/14/2000</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">19.5</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="bottom" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">6.7</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">17.9</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">19.2</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">12/16/2002</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">19.5</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="bottom" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7.4</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">23.6</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">15.9</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">8</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">10/28/1977</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">19.4</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="bottom" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">6.1</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">16.0</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">21.2</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">9</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1/11/2001</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">19.1</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="bottom" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7.7</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">20.8</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">15.9</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">10</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">12/27/2005</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">19.1</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="bottom" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">6.2</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">14.8</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">21.2</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">11</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1/5/1995</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">19.0</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="bottom" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">5.8</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">15.7</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">21.2</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">12</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2/8/1998</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">18.9</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="bottom" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7.6</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">20.4</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">15.9</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">13</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2/3/1998</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">18.9</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="bottom" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">8.2</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">18.3</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="88"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">15.9</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">14</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1/8/1978</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="114"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">18.7</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="bottom" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7.3</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
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I've highlighted a few interesting features in the table - namely the
extreme tides in events 2-3, 9, and 12-13, the extreme wave height in event 4, and the
very long period swell in events 1, 8, and 10-11. In general, each of
these extreme runup events is due to one of two conditions: (1) an
extreme occurrence of either tide, wave height, or wave period, coupled with
moderate conditions in the other variables, or (2) strong (but not
extreme) occurrences of tide, wave height, and wave period together. Case 1 is
highlighted by event 4, which saw a moderate high tide (6.4 ft) and
typical winter swell period (15.9 sec), but a monstrous wave height (31
ft). Case 2 is highlighted by event 6, which saw an above average, but
not extreme, high tide (6.7 ft), and strong swell with a height of 24.2
ft and period of 19.2 sec. Neither of these conditions alone would be
particularly remarkable, but when combined, they can produce extreme
runup elevations.<br />
<br />
Now back to the King Tides question. We see that an extreme high tide alone is not enough to get you on the top 15 list. Below, I've listed the top 15 tides out of the 130 wave runup events examined. There certainly are a few cases where an extreme tide was part of an extreme wave runup event, but in general, extreme tides do not equal extreme runup events. In other words, high tides can help, but you need big waves to get big runup elevations. That's a pretty obvious conclusion but it is interesting to look at the numbers. The most extreme tides shown here represent cases that occurred during El Nino winters when coastal water levels were elevated above predicted levels for the duration of the winter.</div>
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<br />
<b>Top 15 Tide-Ranked Wave Runup Events Along a Representative Central California Beach*</b></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 4.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 565px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tide Rank</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.35pt;" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Overall </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Rank</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Date</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Runup</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Elevation (ft)</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tide (ft)</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Wave </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Height (ft)</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Wave </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Period (sec)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">13</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2/3/1998</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">18.9</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">8.2</span></b></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">18.3</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">15.9</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1/27/1983</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">20.6</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7.9</span></b></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">21.1</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">17.5</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3/1/1983</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">20.4</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7.8</span></b></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">21.0</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">17.5</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">26</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1/17/1973</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">17.7</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7.8</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">15.7</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">15.9</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">5</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">86</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">11/30/1982 </span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">16.2</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7.8</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">20.4</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">11.9</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">6</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">111</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2/15/1969</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">15.9</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7.8</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">12.8</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">14.4</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">90</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">12/31/2005</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">16.1</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7.7</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">20.0</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">11.9</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">8</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">93</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">12/11/1993</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">16.1</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7.7</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">13.6</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">14.4</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">9</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">9</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1/11/2001</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">19.1</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7.7</span></b></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">20.8</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">15.9</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">10</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">58</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2/6/1978</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">16.8</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7.6</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">9.3</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">19.2</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">11</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">12</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2/8/1998</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">18.9</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7.6</span></b></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">20.4</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">15.9</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">12</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">36</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1/24/1983</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">17.4</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7.5</span></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">15.8</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">15.9</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">13</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">28</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">11/14/1997</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">17.6</span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7.5</span></span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">16.4</span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">15.9</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
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<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">14</span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">128</span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1/8/2005</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">15.7</span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7.4</span></span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">13.4</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">14.4</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="44"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">15</span></b></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7</span></b></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">12/16/2002</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">19.5</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7.4</span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">23.6</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">15.9</span></b></div>
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So now we've established that while at least a high tide is a required component of an extreme wave runup event (in fact, out of the top 130 wave runup events, the lowest coincident tide was a 4.5 ft tide - essentially a lower high tide), extreme high tides are not a necessary requirement.<br />
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So where does that leave us with King Tides? Assuming a King Tide at San Francisco is defined as a tide that exceeds about 6.8 ft, then roughly half of the top 15 wave runup events occurred during a King Tide or higher. It just so happens that our King Tides window of interest - roughly December-February, also coincides with our Pacific Ocean winter storm season! How crazy is that? Due to the highly predictable astronomical motions of the sun, moon, and earth, we know precisely when and how high the tides will be during the winter storm months (excluding storm surge effects). What we don't know, however, is the timing of winter storm waves relative to these predetermined-potentially-coastal-flood-causing King Tide phenomena. So basically, every winter, we role the dice and the randomness of the Pacific Ocean basin storm machine kicks out swell events that may or may not wreak havoc on our coastline, depending on their timing with the tides. Throw in the additional variable of storm surge, which can further elevate tides above their predicted levels (especially during El Nino winters) and the picture becomes even more complex.<br />
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Despite all this randomness and complexity, one thing is clear. Winter season King Tides set the stage for extreme open coast flood events - but the big swells may or may not show up at the right time. Every winter, the King Tides come and go. Those of us along California's embayment shorelines see the effects of King Tides in the form of nuisance flooding. For those of us along the coastline, it takes a special joint occurrence of high tides and big waves to get noticed, and when that happens - like during the El Nino winters of 1997-98 and 1982-83 - we get slammed.<br />
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So are King Tides important along the open coast? Well, it's not so much the "King Tide" phenomenon by itself as much as the need for high tides that occur coincident with large storm waves. That combination is certainly much more likely during times of King Tides than during any other time during the winter months. Couple that with the potential for sea level rise to further elevate the high tides we experience, and suddenly that tide component starts becoming even more important. So yeah, King Tides, here's a nod to you from the open coast...<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">*Disclaimer: Wave runup data are simulated and are shown for illustrative purposes
only. Results should not be used for any engineering or planning
purposes. Site specific evaluations of coastal flood hazards by a qualified professional are recommended for any project along the coastline. A good place to start is FEMA's Flood Insurance Rate Map for your community.</span></div>
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<br />Justin Vandeverhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08677455267312712386noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4246436115275908122.post-89395538027347992732013-01-26T23:55:00.000-08:002013-03-24T22:58:19.132-07:00Sloat Beach Fill Time Comparison - Fall 2012 to Spring 2013<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;"><Updated March 16, 2013></span></div>
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In the summer/fall 2012, the National Park Service and City of San Francisco implemented a sand management project at Ocean Beach, which moved excess sand from north Ocean Beach and placed it along an eroding section of beach/bluff at Sloat Boulevard.</div>
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The project was completed in September 2012 and resulted in the placement of approximately 100,000 to 150,000 cubic yards of sand in front of the parking area at Sloat.</div>
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I've visited the area several times over the past few months and have taken photos to document the evolution of the sand fill. Since October, a significant portion of the sand has been eroded due to high waves during the late fall and early winter months. The most significant retreat appears to have occurred at the south end of the parking lot, in the vicinity of the sand bag to revetment transition.</div>
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I first noticed exposure of the sand bags in November 2012. My visit in January 2013 was the first time I had observed exposed rock, which must have been exposed sometime over the past month. Upon my return in March 2013, it appeared that additional sand had been placed over the sandbag embankment at the south end of nourishment area.</div>
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While the sand has been actively eroding, the good news is that it has temporarily prevented the need to place additional rock on the beach under emergency conditions, which has been the standard operating procedure over the past few years.</div>
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Read more about the project <a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/103296645/Ocean-Beach-Erosion-Project-Brochure-FINAL" target="_blank">here</a> and on the <a href="http://www.parkplanning.nps.gov/projectHome.cfm?projectId=42876" target="_blank">NPS project page</a>.</div>
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Here's a video of some of the erosion processes at work, from November 2013:</div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/VF9D87NAQc4?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe><br />
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October 2012 to January 2013 to February 2013 to March 2013. View looking south at Sloat Blvd parking lot.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDedtIBQ7M9_VQxmw41_46dsCsdbRteK8M9Lf82kYQ5m04pOnv1dRMBWInV2pwUYS062z6DzwiVbp2lC0IhCdCVUtnpMBX1F3DOSsRt0UH3azdUxP9usViq_oXbH7_9vBpqMv7LKa3dOQj/s1600/DSC_6240.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDedtIBQ7M9_VQxmw41_46dsCsdbRteK8M9Lf82kYQ5m04pOnv1dRMBWInV2pwUYS062z6DzwiVbp2lC0IhCdCVUtnpMBX1F3DOSsRt0UH3azdUxP9usViq_oXbH7_9vBpqMv7LKa3dOQj/s1600/DSC_6240.JPG" height="424" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj5qlzVZ3orOn5Q6gqGNMN6d8OfgON9rBGRkmm_LYXl5ZqMllA_YgjwfTk4pf_o9Gd3GGq4kMKHKv9-5mN3JRdypRy9ht8AuzRhE13K-VDl0btvXlHo2pNB9Vwz3feIqYUm2tZaItYUucq/s1600/DSC_6743.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj5qlzVZ3orOn5Q6gqGNMN6d8OfgON9rBGRkmm_LYXl5ZqMllA_YgjwfTk4pf_o9Gd3GGq4kMKHKv9-5mN3JRdypRy9ht8AuzRhE13K-VDl0btvXlHo2pNB9Vwz3feIqYUm2tZaItYUucq/s1600/DSC_6743.JPG" height="424" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYDuLlZNxbZzZ-491k3c5MJ6rRLw9WEBldz6im46DbZuEXfz8F6rOvOiD7cIX55CwE67JqGJniZZ6-NqiAHlviLmzB1AL5fiVsoCrw2jx1-9C-N9SFP3eBIcdeV8xUL9kTdTV_bVFlXaJj/s1600/DSC_6782.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYDuLlZNxbZzZ-491k3c5MJ6rRLw9WEBldz6im46DbZuEXfz8F6rOvOiD7cIX55CwE67JqGJniZZ6-NqiAHlviLmzB1AL5fiVsoCrw2jx1-9C-N9SFP3eBIcdeV8xUL9kTdTV_bVFlXaJj/s640/DSC_6782.JPG" height="424" width="640" /></a></div>
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October 2012 to December 2012 to January 2013 to February 2013 to March 2013. View looking north from south end of Sloat parking lot.</div>
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October 2012 to February 2013. View looking north at Sloat parking lot.</div>
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January 2013 to February 2013. View looking north towards Sloat parking lot.</div>
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October 2012 to February 2013 to March 2013. View looking north at Sloat parking lot.</div>
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December 2012 to January 2013 to February 2013 to March 2013. View at south end of parking lot. Sandbag to revetment transition.</div>
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October 2012 to December 2012 to January 2013 to February 2013 to March 2013. View looking south along beach.</div>
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October 2012 to December 2012 to January 2013 to February 2013. View looking north along beach.</div>
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<br />Justin Vandeverhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08677455267312712386noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4246436115275908122.post-27525096446426220592013-01-14T23:58:00.001-08:002013-03-24T22:57:53.717-07:00The ONE movie you should see this year<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
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<span style="font-size: small;">There is one movie you should see this year and it won't be nominated for an Oscar. You probably won't guess what it is and have probably never heard of it, so I'll just go ahead and tell you. The movie is called "<a href="http://krcb.org/video-on-demand/rebels-with-a-cause-story" target="_blank">Rebels with a cause</a>", by Nancy Kelly and Kenji Yamamoto . Here's just a few reasons why you need to see this film: </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMqLPxPh-0kMD1CjWT3Zi81PXjfsowrJAb5IzawtyWqGFmSn7eS1U5H80etTTIg1vlURginefoPGh4DHtx24WhSrHApcFEsiwE17Q44h5tluRzncOQ3R_r83EoKXsjV_LmDE4R9Sg8wusf/s1600/DSC_3454.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMqLPxPh-0kMD1CjWT3Zi81PXjfsowrJAb5IzawtyWqGFmSn7eS1U5H80etTTIg1vlURginefoPGh4DHtx24WhSrHApcFEsiwE17Q44h5tluRzncOQ3R_r83EoKXsjV_LmDE4R9Sg8wusf/s640/DSC_3454.JPG" height="424" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rodeo Lagoon, Marin County</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWmIlchyphenhyphenT1Jfq-0tEuvHM4TLZ9S-dHsSMqgl9TUIPbMdf4rDduwGMOL5iw3ppK2ivScbOTeqwl4bzfexnzKdvQ49tYE3JCy4DPIEPr1YADkeNH9d9_vHkAQ15RXFQDj5BKTyeWb7TZxuhJ/s1600/74281162.SGM3xto4.tomales_02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWmIlchyphenhyphenT1Jfq-0tEuvHM4TLZ9S-dHsSMqgl9TUIPbMdf4rDduwGMOL5iw3ppK2ivScbOTeqwl4bzfexnzKdvQ49tYE3JCy4DPIEPr1YADkeNH9d9_vHkAQ15RXFQDj5BKTyeWb7TZxuhJ/s640/74281162.SGM3xto4.tomales_02.jpg" height="440" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tomales Bay, Marin County</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Marin County Open Space</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmPWncQL7i1kqpPFZSSCauyIlbLMWCf2clnTp9VgVhBYFZeV-GS1RMgyXY2ANatePAu0jhC305dCjFyTuA_aBmXjkQIatptknsUV77pLpkELOVzS4fvyOT8xAkuy6wA5-b6_KBAPOszlra/s1600/80448184.AcRN5TDQ.landscape_23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmPWncQL7i1kqpPFZSSCauyIlbLMWCf2clnTp9VgVhBYFZeV-GS1RMgyXY2ANatePAu0jhC305dCjFyTuA_aBmXjkQIatptknsUV77pLpkELOVzS4fvyOT8xAkuy6wA5-b6_KBAPOszlra/s640/80448184.AcRN5TDQ.landscape_23.jpg" height="450" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Point Reyes National Seashore, Marin County</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4AQPNRpbsJh4tBvlhcapRMKqAaFtq9zwcESRur854jxkLwR1DXhe7_9UKIran6TYoTbEkrIm1bZNWVVok2CAfroMDPP_iw1uKJS0uLrC4n1gD7DfQygq4IafD7v4_zYWhQdJYcDeGk0A4/s1600/119495564.6lcF5voa.sf_tour_20.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4AQPNRpbsJh4tBvlhcapRMKqAaFtq9zwcESRur854jxkLwR1DXhe7_9UKIran6TYoTbEkrIm1bZNWVVok2CAfroMDPP_iw1uKJS0uLrC4n1gD7DfQygq4IafD7v4_zYWhQdJYcDeGk0A4/s640/119495564.6lcF5voa.sf_tour_20.jpg" height="424" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Drakes Beach, Point Reyes National Seashore, Marin County</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Marin that could have been... San Francisco's Seacliff Neighborhood. (c) Kenneth and Gabrielle Adelman.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span id="internal-source-marker_0.2472022166798813" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The
film tells the incredible, somewhat unknown, story of the creation of
the Point Reyes National Seashore in western Marin County, CA. Starting
in the late 1950s, the film chronicles a series of political and
environmental battles over proposed developments, highways, resorts, and
planned communities that would have transformed the natural landscape into a concrete covered suburban sprawl.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">Through the tireless efforts of conversationists, the Point Reyes National Seashore was established in 1962 and represented a new vision for the park service - a national park near an urban center. Further, the park preserved the historical agricultural land use for the ranchers as a "Pastoral Zone" - which is still active today.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlRJP0ZcBJO18gsY0anxus-uVSiyTzAKE7nFy-K585oDBfe9aJ911csHniAEISZ7hj0LTqISADAjZNCNFFj0Ct1HChUgCYYw4mENuNum3E4JOkgpZmyMa_yIAjpFfJRplnYBnk7bnRa99e/s1600/signature.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlRJP0ZcBJO18gsY0anxus-uVSiyTzAKE7nFy-K585oDBfe9aJ911csHniAEISZ7hj0LTqISADAjZNCNFFj0Ct1HChUgCYYw4mENuNum3E4JOkgpZmyMa_yIAjpFfJRplnYBnk7bnRa99e/s320/signature.png" height="277" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">The actions of environmentalists in the 1960s paved the way for the establishment of the <a href="http://www.nps.gov/goga" target="_blank">Golden Gate National Recreation Area</a>, signed into law by none other than Richard Nixon in 1972. Again, the park service broke the mold, acquiring land no longer in use by the Army to establish a unique non-contiguous national park <span style="font-size: small;">around San Fr<span style="font-size: small;">ancisco<span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span></span>initially comprised of Alcatraz, Fort Mason, and the Marin Headlands.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">The spirit of the early conservationists in Marin spread through California, defeating other development projects and freeways as well, such as the Devils Slide bypass south of Pacifica, which would have run a fre<span style="font-size: small;">eway </span>right over the top of Montara <span style="font-size: small;">mountain</span>. This year, the voter-supported tunnel alternative will finish construction and the old Highway 1 grade across Devils Slide will be converted into a park and coastal trail. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">Conservation work continues in the Point Reyes area today by groups such as the <a href="http://www.ptreyes.org/" target="_blank">Point Reyes National Seashore Association</a> and the <a href="http://www.malt.org/" target="_blank">Marin Agricultural Land Trust</a>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">It's great to reflect on the rich conservation history here in northern California and develop a deeper appreciation for the open space that we have. But we're not out of the woods yet and this isn't only a California story. Development and suburban sprawl still threatens so much of our natural landscapes all over the country. Whenever I return to my home state of Virgina I notice a new housing development, or a freshly cleared area devoid of trees. I'm not saying that all development is bad, but pay attention to what is going on around you! It's a slow piecemeal process - a few houses here, a new shopping center there - but pretty soon you'll look around and start to forget what the view once looked like. </span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Packed house at the screening of Rebels with a Cause at Point Reyes Station. January 13, 2013.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Find out more in <i>Saving the Marin-Sonoma Coast</i>, by L. Martin Griffin.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Visit the Rebels With A Cause <a href="http://www.facebook.com/RebelsDocumentary" target="_blank">Facebook </a>page<span style="font-size: x-small;"> or on the <a href="http://www.krcb.org/rebels" target="_blank">KRCB website</a>.</span></span></div>
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Justin Vandeverhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08677455267312712386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4246436115275908122.post-64360817121445172032013-01-06T19:20:00.001-08:002013-03-24T22:55:43.824-07:00Rainy day at Point Bonita LighthouseAfter six years of living in San Francisco, Allison and I decided it was finally time to visit the newly re-opened Point Bonita Lighthouse in the Marin Headlands. The lighthouse is still in use for navigation and is operated by the U.S. Coast Guard. The National Park Service provides access to visitors and a very knowledgeable docent was on hand to tell us about the history of the lighthouse.<br />
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We parked up by the YMCA and walked down to the lighthouse on a nice path. It was a gloomy day but the weather was calm and we enjoyed iconic views of San Francisco, the bay, and the ocean on our way down to the point.<br />
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The path winds its way down the hill and traverses a narrow ridge flanked by water on both sides - San Francisco Bay to the east and the vast Pacific Ocean to the west.<br />
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The lighthouse is shielded from view by the rocky point for much of the walk and the steep terrain is negotiated by a narrow dark tunnel. According to my Hayes and Michel book, the lighthouse is perched atop an extensive outcrop of pillow basalts of the Franciscan Complex, formed around 150 million years ago by the cooling of underwater eruptions of lava - pretty cool. A park ranger emerged from the darkness at just the right time to tell me not to walk on the outside of the railing. Oops. <br />
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After waiting a few minutes in the dark there was enough of a break in the traffic to snap this photo from inside the tunnel. </div>
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Coming out of the tunnel we finally got a view of the lighthouse perched out on the point! Only a short treacherous section of crumbling rock was left to negotiate. Luckily a sturdy suspension bridge led the way.<br />
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Before crossing the bridge, we checked out the view a bit. I accidentally caught this couple embracing on the leeward side of the lighthouse, sheltered from the wind.<br />
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The final approach to the lighthouse is guarded by a suspension bridge which re-opened to the public in April 2012. It may have been my imagination, but it sure felt like the bridge bounced and swayed as we made our way across the 140 ft span.<br />
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A small museum is open in the lower level of the light tower and was staffed by a NPS docent. According to the docent, the lighthouse was originally built in 1855 up on the bluff immediately north of the point, but was often obscured by the fog and not visible to mariners due to its height 300 ft above the ocean. <br />
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In 1877, the lighthouse was moved to its present location on the point, which improved navigation through the Golden Gate somewhat; however, passage was still dangerous. For many years, mariners had only three points of navigation to guide them through the Gate: keeping Point Bonita to port, Fort Point to starboard, and aiming for Alcatraz. Needless to say, many ships ran aground on the dynamic shoals and rock outcrops.<br />
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The rain picked up a bit while we took shelter inside but we eventually braved the weather and headed back to the car, glad to have finally checked out this historic landmark!<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Info from the NPS brochure: Point Bonita Lighthouse is reached by a half-mile trail that is steep in parts. Mid-way along the trail, a tunnel allows access to the lighthouse only during visiting hours: Saturdays, Sundays, and Mondays from 12:30 to 3:30 pm.</span><br />
<br />Justin Vandeverhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08677455267312712386noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4246436115275908122.post-69471658436093144642012-11-19T22:24:00.001-08:002012-11-20T11:39:57.477-08:00WELCOME<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<h2>
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Welcome to the new California Beach Blog! I decided to put my money where my mouth was and make the California Beach Blog, well, a blog!<br />
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This page will contain more detailed stories and information in the future. Of course, you can still follow the <a href="http://www.facebook.com/californiabeachblog" target="_blank">California Beach Blog</a> on Facebook for more timely links, photos, and posts. <br />
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Stay tuned. More to come soon!<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Big Sur River mouth - Andrew Molera State Park</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">February 2008</span></span></td></tr>
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<br />Justin Vandeverhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08677455267312712386noreply@blogger.com0